tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66059837791626147212024-02-08T07:04:34.283-08:00Essay writing paperSex Discrimination Research Paper Topicslottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.comBlogger30125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-48317807078835085092020-08-24T06:29:00.001-07:002020-08-24T06:29:06.629-07:00Big City Free Essaysââ¬Å"Big Fish in Small Pondâ⬠An Argumentative Essay on Big City v. s Small City __________________________________ Introduction They state that it is in every case better to be a little fish in a major lake than being a major fish in a little lake. While this concise talk is unquestionably not on the subject of either angling or lakes, it is comparable in the way that the encounters of being someone in an obscure town and being a ââ¬Å"nobodyâ⬠in a major town reflect this axiom. We will compose a custom exposition test on Large City or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now While there surely are numerous preferences to living in a humble community, the inquiry that asks to be posed is whether these favorable circumstances far exceed those of living in a major city. Further, living in a modest community implies that one is dwelling in a generally little network and that the individuals show a specific commonality that goes past typical discussions. The town merchant or businessperson may recollect oneââ¬â¢s name and the neighborhood doctors may in reality even know oneââ¬â¢s whole clinical history. The crime percentage is a lot of lower than a major city and it is more secure to go for strolls around evening time without stressing over getting robbed. However, would one be able to state that life has genuinely been lived and experienced dependent on the happenings in a modest community? There is so much that the world brings to the table and just a little piece of that can be knowledgeable about any humble community (Steves, 2007). Investigation In cases as that previously mentioned, one may take to envision the joy of the individuals who live in Istanbul, Turkeyââ¬fine and simpleââ¬yet have all the marvels a specific spot could ever have. Holy places, mosques, royal residences, running temples, palaces and towers are not many of the land marks which suggest the perfect meaning of Istanbulââ¬a huge city rich with ââ¬Å"bigâ⬠substances. Being Turkeyââ¬â¢s most crowded city, and extensively the focal point of financial aspects and culture for that case, the ascent of crime percentage would be unavoidable to contain, henceforth, this implication is commendably contained by this enormous city, contrasted with that which apparently happen in other ââ¬Å"small townsâ⬠, for example, the expanding crime percentage in Tijuana, Mexicoââ¬the occupants under such purview itself are clearing their way in the city for the ââ¬Å"plague of the societyâ⬠to be erased, for that occurrence. What will in general be the situation of the case falls fundamentally on the way that there will consistently be difficulties living in a ââ¬Ëbigââ¬â¢ cityââ¬although there gives off an impression of being a fervor and a positive joy offered in the field of satisfactionââ¬the challenge which fills in as a pre-essential to this degree lies on the reason that the ââ¬Å"larger the extension, the greater the likelihood, the lesser the opportunity to get the best fish. In a major city, there are various occupations offered, consequently, there additionally exists various people who are as equipped as you areââ¬one might be the best in their particular unassuming communities, yet the opposition in enormous towns unmistakably more fill in as a greater field for the opposition. Beside that, not at all like the assets that an individual may have in an unassuming community, it is difficult to accomplish these things in the light of a urbanized vicinityââ¬take for instance a vehicle purchased in a humble community may have been the ââ¬Å"funkiestâ⬠yet in the bigger field of a major town, it just has a place with the standard toys for the enormous boysââ¬the enthusiastic aggressiveness is the thing that swallows the person by thenââ¬no fulfillment is achieved. Ends and further comments Living in a major city then again presents undeniably more difficulties and prizes. No one has ever guaranteed that living in a major city is simple. It is full of risks and openings however for the individuals who can beat the difficulties and make the most of the open doors there lies a specific fulfillment that one can never get from the encounters of living in a modest community; the triumph in realizing that one has accomplished something that has improved one an individual (StudyAbroad. Com, 2002). The benefits of living in a major city have little to do with monetary status or even material riches. There is another factor that for sure issues and the information life has been lived fullyââ¬the information that despite the fact that one never became the large fish in the huge city, one became one intense fish all things considered. Instructions to refer to Big City, Papers lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-73510038252967301182020-08-22T00:44:00.001-07:002020-08-22T00:44:12.413-07:00Basic Essay Writing FormatBasic Essay Writing FormatIf you are struggling with the basics of basic essay writing, there is no reason to despair. This type of paper can be simple and easy to write, and just as easy to complete. However, it is not something that should be taken lightly. Here are a few tips to help you improve your writing skills in no time at all.The first tip for the basic essay is to write it out right before you start writing. If you don't, you will waste time re-writing the entire thing and would probably not even get started on it. However, if you make this a habit to write the first few sentences up front, you will find that your overall ability to complete the piece improves as well. You don't have to wait until you get to the end to think about what you want to say.Using 'I' instead of 'we' will also improve your chances of writing a good basic essay. This doesn't mean that you should change the subject or anything, but by using the me, you are less likely to bore the reader. Remember t hat most people will read the opening paragraph of the essay, and after that they will turn around and see who the person talking is.Your essay will be more readable if you choose a proper heading. Headings like 'Introduction,' 'Body,' and 'Conclusion' are commonly used. However, other than these two, you can use a heading that reflects your essay topic. For example, if you are writing an essay about a girl's school project, you could use the heading 'Project.'Style is another thing that you will need to take into consideration when writing a basic essay. You don't have to use the formal, stiff style that many people use. Instead, you will need to stick to a certain style that will allow you to get across the message. If you need to convey your point easily, then you can consider using your own style of writing, but for most people, the formal style will be appropriate.Just remember that you will need to express your thought clearly in order to get a clear idea across to the reader. Don't try to write the essay word for word because it will not be understood by the reader. You will be able to express your thought much better if you add just a little bit of extra thought to the basic format of the essay.You may be wondering how you can do this. Well, simply take a look at the essay that you are trying to work on and break it down into smaller parts, then go back and rewrite the same part from a different perspective. Try to make each part of the essay slightly different and then connect them together to make a new, complete thought.Following these simple tips for the basic essay will help you write a great essay. Of course, you will still need to practice your skills when writing in general, but it is a great way to become more familiar with the basic format of writing in general. The fact that you will actually be doing something to improve your skills will be a great incentive. lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-31252759990143776852020-07-18T05:13:00.001-07:002020-07-18T05:13:03.330-07:00Bipolar Disorder Medical ID BraceletsBipolar Disorder Medical ID Bracelets Youve probably heard of medical alert jewelry or ID cards for certain medical conditions that may cause life-threatening emergencies, such as diabetes, heart problems, and drug and food allergies. However, anyone with an ongoing medical conditionâ"including mental health disorders such as bipolar disorder, depression or anxietyâ"as well as those who take medications on a regular basis may also want to consider using medical IDs. They can be invaluable, life-saving resources. Why Wear Medical Alert Jewelry for Bipolar Disorder There are many compelling reasons to seriously consider wearing medical alert bracelets or necklaces if you have bipolar disorder or any type of mental health condition. Here are some: In the event of an emergency, where you cant speak for yourself or are unconscious, a medical ID can help medical personnel give you appropriate and swift medical care.Emergency responders are trained to look for medical IDs when they are assessing patients (say, at the site of a car accident or if youve called 911), and medical alert jewelry immediately alerts them to your health condition.Medical alert jewelry reduces treatment errors that can happen when doctors lack a patients health records upon hospital admission.Mixing psychiatric medications with other types of medication can be dangerous; a medical ID can prevent that type of harmful medical error from happening. Types of Medical IDs Anyone can find the perfect medical ID piece for his or her tastes in an array of bracelets, charms and emblems, necklaces and dog tags, sports bands, and cuffs, anklets, and even watches. There are also a number of alternatives to jewelry. The most common is the medical ID card, which can include a great deal more information than an emblem. Some companies offer engraved pill containers as well. What to Include The back of medical alert jewelry is usually where your personal information is listed or engraved. It can include information such as your medical condition, food or drug allergies, medicines, and an emergency contact number. Obviously, the amount of space available on a jewelry emblem is limited (usually only 3-5 lines of about 15 characters each) so this information must be brief. If you need more space, one option is to include a line on a piece of medical alert jewelry that indicates you carry a medical ID card. Here are some examples: Bipolar DisorderLithium ZoloftPenicillin AllergyContact HusbandJoe Smith888.555.1234Panic AttacksBipolar DisorderFood AllergiesSee Wallet Card Whatever you cant fit on your medical alert jewelry or tag can be recorded on a medical ID card for easy reference. This usually includes name, birth date, address, telephone numbers, emergency contacts, physicians names, and phone numbers, medical conditions, medications, food, and drug allergies as well as the date it was printed. It may also indicate if you are an organ donor or have a living will. Some individuals choose to join a medical information organization as well, such as MedicAlert. The back of their medical ID carries their member identification number and a toll-free number to reach the organization, which holds an updated medical profile for them. What If You Cant Afford Medical Alert Jewelry? Most of the companies that sell these pieces of jewelry have very inexpensive versions available. You can also look online for templates to print your own wallet card. In addition, MedicAlert offers sponsored memberships. lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-34972877436803882662020-05-21T18:12:00.001-07:002020-05-21T18:12:04.392-07:00What Is Student Teaching Really Like Youve completed all of your core teaching courses, and now it is time to put everything you have learned to the test. You have finally made it to student teaching! Congratulations, you are on your way to shaping todays youth into successful citizens. At first, student teaching may sound a bit scary, not knowing what to expect. But, if you arm yourself with enough knowledge, then this experience can be one of the best in your college career. What Is Student Teaching? Student teaching is a full-time, college-supervised, instructional classroom experience. This internship (field experience) is a culminating course that is required for all students who want to receive a teaching certificate. What Is It Designed to Do? Student teaching is designed to allow pre-service teachers to practice and refine their teaching skills in a regular classroom experience. Student teachers work closely with college supervisors and experienced teachers to learn how to promote student learning. How Long Does Student Teaching Last? Most internships last between eight to twelve weeks. Interns are usually placed at one school for the first four to six weeks, and then at a different grade and school for the last weeks. This way, pre-service teachers get the opportunity to learn and use their skills in a variety of school settings. How Are Schools and Grade Levels Selected? Placements are usually made by the following criteria: Previous practicum placementsYour major requirementsYour personal preferences (they are taken into consideration) Elementary education majors are usually required to teach in a primary grade (1-3) and one from an intermediate grade (4-6). Pre-K and kindergarten may also be an option, depending upon your state. Alone With the Students There will be times that your mentor teacher will trust you to be alone with the students. He/She may leave the classroom to take a phone call, participate in a meeting, or go to the main office. If the cooperating teacher is absent, then the school district will get a substitute. If this happens, then it is usually your job to take over the classroom while the substitute monitors you. Working While Student Teaching Most students find it very difficult to work and student teach. Think of student teaching as your full-time job. You will actually be spending more hours than a typical school day in the classroom, planning, teaching, and consulting with your teacher. By the end of the day, you will be extremely tired. Background Checks Most school districts will do a criminal background check (fingerprinting) by the Bureau of Criminal Investigation. There may also be an FBI criminal history record check, depending upon your school district. What Can You Expect During This Experience? You will spend most of your time planning, teaching, and reflecting on how it went. During a typical day, you will follow the school schedule and most likely stay after to meet with the teacher to plan for the next day. Student Teacher Responsibilities Prepare and present daily lesson plans.Following rules and policies of the school.Set an example for students in personal habits, conduct, and how you dress.Get acquainted with the classroom mentor teacher.Maintain a professional relationship with the entire school staff.Be receptive and accepting of constructive criticism from everyone. Getting Started You will be integrated into the classroom slowly. Most cooperating teachers start interns off by allowing them to take over one or two subjects at a time. Once you feel comfortable, then you will be expected to take on all of the subjects. Lesson Plans You will probably be responsible for creating your own lesson plans, but you may ask the cooperating teacher for an example of theirs so you know what is expected. Faculty Meetings and Parent-Teacher Conferences You are required to attend everything your cooperating teacher attends. This includes faculty meetings, in-service meetings, district meetings, and parent-teacher conferences. Some student teachers are asked to conduct parent-teacher conferences. lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-89533522216860702382020-05-06T23:39:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:39:13.693-07:00Diabetes, The Fastest And Largest Growing Health Issue Essay Type 2 diabetes report: Samantha Johnstone ââ¬ËDoes obesity contribute to a higher risk of getting type 2 diabetesââ¬â¢ Diabetes is the fastest and largest growing health issue in New Zealand. Diabetes is a disease that has reached epidemic proportions internationally and within the New Zealand community. It is the leading cause of blindness, kidney failure and lower limb amputations. There are two main types of diabetes: type 1 (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) and type 2 (adult-onset diabetes mellitus). An international study carried out by a team of researchers working with the World Health Organisation had found that New Zealand has one of the highest rates of diabetes. There is over 240,000 people in New Zealand who have been diagnosed with diabetes, most having type 2, and the amount on both types is rising. If someone who has diabetes cannot keep their glucose levels in an appropriate range, they can develop a number of long term health problems including damaged vessels leading to kidney failure, blindness, and damage of the nervous system. Type 2 diabetes is an issue in my community as it can be life threatening. It is a crucial issue for New Zealand, because it has such negative impact on New Zealandââ¬â¢s society, including creating issues with money in New Zealand. In 2008 there was a study about the health-care costs for New Zealanders with Type 2 Diabetes. It was around $540 million and it is predicted that these costs will increase to $1.78 billion by 2021. 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A happy meal box and a Big Mac box are staged on the table as a young girl gleefully feeds her father a French fry and lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-28296657327062648532020-05-06T08:22:00.001-07:002020-05-06T08:22:33.102-07:00Edi System Free Essays string(220) " major roles provided by the data communications technology is the ability to apply security to EDI transactions so that the transactions will not be tampered with or observed, depending on the level of security needed\." EDI Electronic Data Interchanges Electronic Data Interchanges technology is a complicated mixture of three disciplines: business, data processing and data communication. Integrated with logistics practices EDI can be defined as the electronic exchange of business data, such as purchase orders, invoices, and shipping notices, typically between one organization and another. The relationship is usually between a vendor and customer. We will write a custom essay sample on Edi System or any similar topic only for you Order Now EDI began in the 1970s and was first developed by the automobile Industry. Today is used in different industries including distribution, finance, health care, manufacturing, purchasing, retail, publishing, and shipping. EDI system is in evolution and is adapting to the current market situation. In fact, EDI is a technology that many companies are using in its logistics practices in international supply chain operations. Many businesses choose EDI as a fast, inexpensive, and safe method of sending all documents used on business. Any business application that implements EDI works in a fast, efficient and paperless environment. The traditional document flow for purchasing transactions starts with data entry by the purchaser to create a paper document to send by mail to trading partners. Once the trading partners receive the data, they keystroke the information received into a local application and then perform more data entry by entering a response into a local application. The resultant paper document is then mailed to the purchaser. The procedure is both time consuming and labor intensive because data from both trading partners has to be entered twice. EDI data is key in only one time, at the original point of entry. The data is then translated into a standard format electronically and sent to the trading partner electronically. Time for transmission is very fast in comparison to postal mail. Even on a slow modem connection the time is considerably shorter than through the postal service. EDI Benefits ââ¬Å"Removing unnecessary process tasks benefits the whole supply chain, allowing improved performance and cost management. â⬠By using Electronic Data Interchange systems companies have made significant improvements, benefits and savings. Over 160. 000 companies have made the change to electronic data interchange to improve their efficiencies. Many of these companies require all of their partners to also use EDI. Studies have shown that manually processing a paper order can cost 70 times more than processing the same order thru EDI. The most relevant benefits are: * Much less labor time is required and fewer errors are made because computer systems process the documents rather than processing by hand. When a company reduces manual work and administration reduce the process operating costs. EDI is commonly used instead of faxing and mailing paper documents improving the efficiency of communicating documents. When the timing of the invoice to goods delivery is shortened it improves the invoice approval and streamlines its payment. * Fewer errors occur because computer systems process the documents rather than processing by hand * Data integrity can be secured across the supply chain because suppliersââ¬â¢ information is automatically sent to customersââ¬â¢ systems. Improved processing efficiency increases the opportunity to negotiate early settlement discounts, reducing the cost base for customers. Business transactions flow faster: Faster transactions support reduction in inventory levels, better use of warehouse space, fewer out-of-stock occurrences and lower freight costs through fewer emergencies expedites. EDI Barriers Standards are a necessary part of EDI. Every business has application files that are used to manipulate their data in ways that are familiar to the business. The problem is that most businesses though using the same types of data do not use the same application programs or hardware and software platforms. If businesses are to be able to communicate their data to one another, they must have a common ground to meet on to allow the exchange of the information. Standards are the solutions to this problem. All business that conforms to specific standards can share data in the formats delineated by those standards. Data processing One of the technological fields required to implement EDI is data processing. Data processing allows the EDI operation to take information that is resident in a user application and transform that data into a format that is recognizable to all other user applications that have an interest in using the data. In the EDI environment, data processing will handle both outgoing and incoming data. The user-defined files are the files that are produced by a business application. These files may or may not be formatted by the user. These are the business files that need to be translated into the ANSI X12 or EDIFACT standard format. Standards The heart of EDI is the document standards. Every business has application files that are used to manipulate their data. The problem is that most businesses, though using the same type of data, do not use the same programs, software and hardware platforms. The solutions to this problem are the standards. The American National Standards Instituteââ¬â¢s Accredited Standards Committee X12 (ANSI ASC X12) is the accepted standard for EDI transactions in the United States. The ANSI ASC X12 committee has the mandate to develop variable-length data formats for standard business transactions. The committee was accredited in 1980, and the X12 standard has been evolving ever since. One of the requirements placed on the committee was and is to keep the standard open to inter-industry applications. This requirement makes the standard more complex than an industry-specific standard, but the advantages easily overcome the disadvantage of complexity. With a single standard, a business has multiple functionality and only has to use one standard for each business function. The International Standards Organization (ISO), an organization within the United Nations, has developed the EDI standard that is used in Europe. The Electronic Document Interchange for Administration, Commerce, and Transportation (EDIFACT) is the UN standard that the whole world has agreed to eventually adopt. The actual implementation of EDIFACT within the U. S. has been moving at a snailââ¬â¢s pace. Everyone agrees that EDIFACT is the international standard. Security One of the major roles provided by the data communications technology is the ability to apply security to EDI transactions so that the transactions will not be tampered with or observed, depending on the level of security needed. You read "Edi System" in category "Papers" Confidentiality Confidentiality requires that all communications between parties are restricted to the parties involved in the transaction. This confidentiality is an essential component in user privacy, as well as in protection of proprietary information and as a deterrent to theft of information services. Confidentiality is concerned with the unauthorized viewing of confidential or proprietary data that one or both of the trading partners does not want known by others. Confidentiality is provided by encryption. Encryption is the scrambling of data so that it indecipherable to anyone except the intended recipient. Encryption prevents snoopers, hackers, and other prying eyes from viewing data that is transmitted over telecommunications channels. Data Integrity Data sent as part of a transaction should not be modifiable in transit. Similarly, it should not be possible to modify data in storage. Data integrity is a guarantee that what was sent by the sender is actually what is received by the receiver. This is necessary if there is a need to ensure that the data has not been changed either inadvertently or maliciously. However, authentication schemes do not hide data from prying eyes. Providing data integrity is generally cumbersome and not used unless one of the trading partners requires it. The normal mechanism for acquiring data integrity is for the sender to run an algorithm against the data that is being transmitted and to transmit the result of the algorithm separately from the transmission. Upon receipt of the transmission, the receiver runs the identical algorithm and then compares the results. If the results are identical, then data has not been modified. Examples of EDI implementation EDI for the Automotive Industry EDI has been in use across the automotive industry for over forty years. The smooth running of todayââ¬â¢s car production lines rely on the seamless exchange of business documents between the car manufacturers and their supply chain. Many of the business processes used in the manufacture of todayââ¬â¢s cars were developed from a production system devised by Toyota in Japan. A number of best practices were developed around the ââ¬ËToyota Production Systemââ¬â¢, for example Just-In-Time and Lean Manufacturing. JIT and Lean Manufacturing processes are central to the smooth running of many production lines around the world and EDI provides a fast and efficient way to transfer business documents in order to support these types of manufacturing processes. Providing visibility of inventory levels and notification of when shipments are due to arrive at the production line are critical to making JIT and Lean manufacturing processes a success. The global nature of the automotive industry means that it is important for car manufacturers to be able to onboard their suppliers as quickly as possible, no matter where they may be based around the World. Many car manufacturers have established a manufacturing presence in for example Eastern Europe, Brazil and China and it is important to ensure that suppliers located in these regions are able to exchange EDI documents as smoothly as possible. ICT skills across low cost or emerging markets are traditionally very low therefore the car manufacturers must ensure that they can provide simple to use EDI tools that allow even the smallest suppliers to be able to trade electronically. Due to the global nature of the automotive industry, there are numerous communications and document standards in use today, along with a number of regional specific EDI networks. EDI for the Financial Services Industry The success of the financial services industry relies on its ability to process payables and receivables, as well as manage investments and loans on behalf of its customers both retail and wholesale. For years many of these processes were manual and paper intensive. However, the introduction of EDI has allowed the financial services industry to automate many of the transactions required to transmit payment and remittance data from one party to another. As a result of the economic upheaval of the past few years, the world has come to recognize and appreciate the interdependent nature of the global financial infrastructure. The financial supply chain has become a reality for global business as buyers from one geography rely on goods from suppliers based in other regions that utilize different currencies and are governed by different regulations. EDI provides not only low cost alternative to traditional paper-based payment methodologies but also enables organizations to realize faster, more accurate and more flexible payment structures in the course of doing business. EDI enables the full alignment of the financial supply chain with the movements of the physical supply chain. A fully automated financial supply chain enables the seamless, accurate and timely exchange of financial documents between buyers, suppliers and their financial institutions. With EDI an organization can electronically transfers funds from one bank account to another designated bank account or counterparty. Electronic payments are processed to allow organizations to have access to funds more quickly and with fewer exceptions or delays due to human error. EDI for the High Tech Industry EDI has been in use across the high tech industry for many years. The high tech value chain has become very complex with many high tech companies relying on external partners to help design and manufacture their products. Due to the nature of the high tech industry there has been a desire to try and exchange business transactions electronically, more so than many other industry sectors. The high tech industry is very consumer driven which has meant that high tech supply chains have had to become flexible to changing consumer demands. There has also been an increasing demand for introducing Vendor Managed Inventory systems to ensure that retailers have the correct levels of inventory to support for example new product launches or seasonal fluctuations in consumer demand. For this reason inventory visibility across retail networks and multi modal logistics networks is important for both the high tech companies and their trading partner community. Many high tech companies have globalised their operations to take advantage of low cost suppliers in many of the emerging markets around the world. This has meant that the high tech manufacturing companies have had to ensure that they can trade electronically with suppliers in any country around the world, even those with limited ICT related skills . EDI Stages of Implementation Many companies implement electronic data exchange as part of their customer-supplier partnerships. Both the customers and suppliers expect to gain operational and competitive benefits. A link exists between the level of implementation of EDI and the associated benefits. Benefits from EDI for a supplier company appear limited unless the company reaches an advanced stage of EDI implementation. In this stage the customer and the supplier openly sharing information on demand patterns, inventory levels, and planned production. Achieving this level of implementation is a significant challenge for those professionals involved in EDI installations. The implementation stages for supplier companies using EDI are: * Stage 1, EDI is used for a small number of transactions with one trading partner. Some documents are handled electronically, while all others are completed manually. Electronic documents are manually entered into the MRP planning system. The benefits include reductions in paperwork, reductions in time spent sorting and filing mailed documents, reductions in input errors, faster response time and standardized information. * Stage 2, EDI is used with two or more customers for a small number of transactions. The extent of implementation relates to the volume of business transacted through EDI. The additional benefits include reductions in inventory, reductions in lead time, and improve customer relations. * Stage 3, EDI technology is integrated into the MRP planning system to update transaction-driven information without additional data entry. Stage 4, EDI is integrated with customers to the extent that the firm can inquire into a customerââ¬â¢s database for information such as inventory status and shipments. * Stage 5, EDI transactions are found in all functions of the business organization: quality control, engineering, manufacturing, marketing and accounting. As new benefits the cost reduction and efficient busine ss operations, effective use of personnel assigned to new tasks. Conclusions EDI is well established as effective technology got reducing costs and increasing efficiency. EDI technologies are approximately the same age as Internet technologies. In the past, the technologies have been mutually exclusive, but this is rapidly changing. As the two technological communities begin to merge and as the business community sees the advantages of this merger, EDI and the Internet will eventually become everywhere. The implementation level affects the benefits companies can expect from installing EDI. At early stages of implementation, companies can expect only those benefits that result from improvements in the transaction process. As planning systems are linked, companies can expect improvements in lead time, reductions in inventory, and other benefits derived from sharing information with their customers and suppliers. EDI represents a specific class of inter-organizational systems, and the concept carries with it a unique set of strategic and implementation considerations. The most significant and, heretofore, most overlooked factor in determining the effective use of EDI is the organizationââ¬â¢s ability to manage the changes in structure and work processes that must attend the implementation of this technology. EDI development is a process that takes time and patience, and those who start first have the best chance of staying ahead of the competition if they recognize that EDI involves a continuous process of change. There is no end to organizational change in this era of rapidly evolving information technology. References * Bort, R. , and Bielfeldt, G. R. Handbook of EDI. Boston, Massachusetts: Warren, Gorham and Lamont. * Canis, R. J. , Value-added networks: What to look for now and in the future. Conference Proceedings EDI 2000: EDI, Electronic Commerce, and You; (pp. 141-157). * Kimberley, P. (1991). EDI. New York: McGraw-Hill. * Sawabini, S. (1995). Introduction to EDI. Conference Proceedings EDI 2000: EDI, EC, and You, (pp. 1-36). * Sokol, P. K. (1995). From EDI to EC: A Business Initiative. New York: McGraw-Hill. * Rhonda R. Lummus, The Evolution to Electronic Data Interchange: Benefits in the stages of implementation. Central Missouri State University. Warrensburg, Missouri. * Callahan, Daniel K. ââ¬Å"The Impacts of Electronic Integration on Buyers and Suppliers. ââ¬Å"Masterââ¬â¢s Thesis, Sloan School of Management, MIT, Cambridge * ââ¬Å"Business Is Turning Data Into A Potent Strategic Weapon,â⬠Business Week How to cite Edi System, Papers lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-27527562280061517142020-04-25T22:39:00.001-07:002020-04-25T22:39:02.235-07:00THE TRUTH Essay Example For Students THE TRUTH Essay Antonio ThorntonEducational PsychologyTeacher Interview #6 I interviewed a teacher from the Philadelphia School District and here is the result from my interview.I am a teacher in the head start program of Philadelphia .I have been with the head start program for 10yrs. I see children younger than kindergarteners with special needs. I see this problem not only with education but behavioral. Children with special problems can learn. You have to know how to deal with children period. Regular children and special educational children all learn. Special educational children know exactly what theyre doing just as well as regular children. The teachers involvement with the process is the teachers observes the children than fills out an application or suggest that this student needs some type of help if its with speech, or any other problem. We will write a custom essay on THE TRUTH specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now In head start we have physiologist who get children mental health together and evaluate the children. They do a test and it is evaluated with staff and parents or guardian of the child. We are involved in the Early Invention Programs. This program is even for younger children with behavioral problems and we get help from a supportive staff. ProsCons1.Test1.The terminology they slow the 2.Free (help)staff uses with parents. 2. Not enough people to provide services. 3. Therapist does not follow upyear to year4. Dedication from pre k-12 grade5. Parents dont show confidence in their childMy opinion on issue special education. We as teachers and therapist really need to take our jobs serious. They are children all over the world that need help. Parents should not feel embarrassed when a teacher ask you as a parent if you think your child need any type of help. I have a problem as a teacher with special children. My opinion is all children are special in there own way. Special education is not only for children that have some problems. Special education is also for mentally gifted children. lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-87016114738320410662020-03-18T12:54:00.001-07:002020-03-18T12:54:03.458-07:00Free sample - Advanced research methods. translation missingAdvanced research methods. Advanced research methodsThe issues that these two articles raise are that one; culture plays a major role in influencing a decision of an individual. What could be morally right to a person from one culture could be immoral to another person from a different cultural background. The other issue is that different parts of brains vary in activities when it comes to moral impersonal, moral personal and non moral conditions. This kind of study can be classified as and experiment. This is because people who were being tested, when answering questions were undergoing brain scanning by use of FMRI. In this way, the researcher gets first class information as he is the one who watches the results come out (Joshua D. Greene, R. Brian Somerville, Leigh E. Nystrom, John M. Darley, Jonathan D. Cohen, 2001). One of the factorà that the researcher seem to control is that he is able to prove that his findings are true by demonstrating his experimental results. The other way he uses is to explain step by step and seems to have a convincing power. The hypothesis in the study is that certain parts of brain and culture are involved when it comes to make decisions concerning morals. The researcher hypothesis was correct. This is because most of the respondentsââ¬â¢ answers and results of the brain scanning were in favor of the hypothesis. The brain scanning followed the laid down procedures (Sandra Blakeslee, 2005). When comparing the information in the New York Times and the short journal, the short journal has deeper information than the New York Timesââ¬â¢. The key difference is that the researchers were working on the same issue but the researcher in the short journal went an extra step of doing a brain scan. The moral issue is that it is better to provide more reliable outcome. The information provided can be of great value to the society. This will help people to understand why people behave in a manner that is different to them. References Joshua D. Greene, R. Brian Somerville, Leigh E. Nystrom, John M. Darley, Jonathan D. Cohen (2001). An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in moral judgment. Science Sandra Blakeslee (2001, September 25). Watching How the Brain Works As It Weighs a Moral Dilemma. New York Times lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-25000519409683898302020-03-02T04:41:00.001-08:002020-03-02T04:41:04.289-08:00Sneaking up on SnuckSneaking up on Snuck Sneaking up on Snuck Sneaking up on Snuck By Maeve Maddox A reader asks: Could you tell me which is more appropriate or how it is used: snuck vs sneekedà He snuck across the border. The word snuck as the simple past of sneak is regarded with disdain by many speakers and writers. The correct principal parts, they will argue, are: sneak/sneaked/(have) sneaked: Lets watch him sneak out of the dorm. He sneaked out last night as well. He has sneaked out every night this week. In other English-speaking parts of the world, the past form snuck, if acknowledged at all, is usually labeled jocular. Personally, I like snuck. To my ear sneaked does not sound right. Somehow snuck seems sneakier than sneaked. For me the principal parts are sneak/snuck/(have) snuck. Admittedly snuck is not a word for formal writing. If I were reaching for the same sense in a context that did not permit of sneak/snuck, Id resort to creep/crept. (No, not creep/creeped. ) To get an idea of just how acceptable snuck is in American usage, I went to two newspapers I admire: the New York Times and the Chicago Tribune. New York Times itââ¬â¢s not going to work. The financial industry is not going to get away with a covert bailout, snuck past voters with obscure wording. Paul Krugman, March 17, 2008 The Rangers nearly snuck out of here with a victory, but Bure again knotted things up Jason Diamos, December 10, 1995 Mr. Wilkins, in a plaid shirt and handcuffs, snuck occasional looks at the photographs before him. Joe Sexton, February 9, 1995 Chicago Tribune Christine Rokita, a parishioner at Brandts church, couldnt agree more. Her son Matthew, 17, a junior at St. Rita Catholic High School, snuck out to the parade this year against his mothers wishes. Stacy St. Clair and Andrew L. Wang, March 26, 2009 Wade then somehow snuck free for that reverse layupand also somehow missed it. K.C. Johnson, March 10, 2009 We sneaked Demasi out the back door. John Kass, February 28, 2009 In this unscientific sampling of American journalists, the snucks clearly have it! How Shrunk Snuck In Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:7 Types of Narrative Conflict50 Latin Phrases You Should Know12 Misunderstood and Misquoted Shakespearean Expressions lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-83098049994537952542020-02-14T20:06:00.001-08:002020-02-14T20:06:03.280-08:00Relegation System in Major League Soccer Term PaperRelegation System in Major League Soccer - Term Paper Example Major League Soccer or what is popularly known as MLS is the official soccer league of United States of America. The tournament is endorsed by United States Soccer Federation and Don Garber is its present commissioner. Major League Soccer (MLS) was started in the year of 1993; however, the first session of competition was staged in the year 1996 with just10 teams. The teams were owned by the franchisees and are operated and functioned by its stakeholders. The present format of MLS has 19 teams who play with each other on a home-away basis. Among the 19 teams, 16 are from the US and the other 3 teams are from Canada. Some of the noticeable teams of the tournament include LA Galaxy, Montreal Impact, Toronto FC Dallas and Real Salt Lake among many others. The first season of the tournament witnessed record attendance however it felt below the expected level from the next season onwards. People started to lose interest in soccer as other sports such as baseball, basketball took the elite positions. The condition revived when players such as David Beckham, Cuauhtemoc Blanco joined the league as players of respective teams. The primary rationale behind the commencement of MLS was to strengthen the national football team of US. The quality of the league was in doubt when the USA was eliminated from the opening stages in the 1998 soccer world cup. Apart from that, 1994 Soccer world cup that was staged in the US was also another reason. The professional league helped the country to bid for the tournament.à ... The first season of the tournament witnessed record attendance however it felt below the expected level from the next season onwards. People started to lose interest on soccer as other sports such as baseball, basketball took the elite positions. The condition revived when players such as David Beckham, Cuauhtemoc Blanco joined the league as players of respective teams (Dure, 2010, p.xvi). The primary rational behind the commencement of MLS was to strengthen the national football team of US. Nonetheless the quality of the league was on doubt, when USA was eliminated from the opening stages in the 1998 soccer world cup. Apart from that, 1994 Soccer world cup that was staged in US was also another reason. The professional league helped the country to bid for the tournament. Formulation of Mission and Vision statements Mission and vision statements are important for running a venture. Also in case of MLS mission and vision statements, holds an important position. MLS was started in the year 1993 for the purpose of establishing a particular objective. Moreover in order to achieve the objective one needs to have clear vision of the future. While on the other hand a mission statement is being used to describe the purposes or aims of the new association. Hence it can be justified that mission and vision statement plays an indispensable role. The newly developed mission and vision statement for MLS are formulated below. Mission Statement To offer the country with new talents in football and also to encourage upcoming talents in the field of soccer. To enthuse the world of sports lovers by showcasing highest quality of entertainment. Vision Statement ââ¬ËWe lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-51775429109404804002020-02-02T00:25:00.001-08:002020-02-02T00:25:02.488-08:00Green motorsports Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1Green motorsports - Research Paper Example The diesel-powered Audi emerged the winner with almost 100 points clear from their closest rivals in the American Le Mans Series. In the United Kingdom, Team West Racing used Ethanol fueled MG Zs in Touring Car Championship. In the Economics of Climate Change, it is recommended that swift and very proactive action be considered so as to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions and stabilise it between four hundred and fifty thousand and five hundred and fifty thousand parts per million (Autosport magazine 76 ). If this is not done, there would be dangerous consequences and if the actions are carried out weakly, the situation would probably stabilise at upper limit. For this to happen, the global emissions would have to decrease by twenty five percent by middle of this century, and in particular, countries which are higher level emitters would have to cut down the emissions by even a higher margin. In the UK, the government has stepped up its effort through commissioning of a transport study so as to respond to the challenges that are posed by climate change to buffer against economic and environmental perils. There is continuous pressure from the scientific world for interventions to be carried out more vigorously to be able to combat climate change. It is notable that although there is unanimity for the need of strong actions against climate change, just a handful of the views, sometimes only those appearing maverick, get exagerrated attention. There is unanimous agreement that the first step in reducing the green house gas emisions is energy efficiency. The transport sector is envisaging the use of small cars which will be much more energy efficient for local use in their own high speed lanes. These cars would abe able to convey at least tenfold as many people as would the personal cars. Additionally, it is easier to imagine micro wind turbines or solar panels mounted on top of their garages to top up their their energy lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-52087916829846853092020-01-24T20:47:00.001-08:002020-01-24T20:47:03.984-08:00Of Mice and Men :: essays research papers In John Steinbeckââ¬â¢s novel, Of Mice and Men, he uses Crooks to express loneliness because his character is a perfect example of how it was to be a black man. Steinbeck uses Crooks to show his readers what it was like to be lonely. Crooks is the loneliest in the novel because he has no one to talk and he is black. à à à à à Crooks was introduced to the novel as just a black stable buck. Before his character appeared, the men talked about him as if he were a horse, and they made fun of him because he walked with a limp. He had a limp because he was kicked in the spine by a horse once. When he finally showed up, it was just to receive an order, and the way he did it seemed like he was a frightened animal, terrified of his ownerââ¬â¢s whip. He had no one to talk to, no one to keep him company and no one to treat him like he was important. In chapter 4, Lennie goes into Crooksââ¬â¢ room and they start talking about being lonely. Crooks says to Lennie â⬠ââ¬â¢Books ainââ¬â¢t no good. A guy needs somebody ___ to be near him.ââ¬â¢ He wined, ââ¬ËA guy goes nuts if he ainââ¬â¢t got nobody. Donââ¬â¢t make no difference who the guy is, longââ¬â¢s heââ¬â¢s with youââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ (72). This shows you how lonely Crooks gets all by himself with nothing to do but re ad. Even though it seems like he is talking about any guy that is lonely, he is expressing what he feels inside. That is one of the many examples that shows how Crooks feels. à à à à à à à à à à In the nineteen thirties, the Great Depression occurred. It was a time when money was scarce, lots of people lost their jobs and became poor, and sometimes homeless. Crooks did hard labor and obeyed every command given by the boss. If he lost his job, he would have no where to go. No one would hire anybody because of the money problem in that time, and if they did, it wouldnââ¬â¢t be a black man, let alone, a crippled black man. So Crooks was basically stuck in the same place for awhile, and he was without anybody to talk to. At least being a stable buck he had people around him most of the time. In chapter 4, Crooks and Lennie have a conversation about Crooks being a black. lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-927793178207715622020-01-16T17:11:00.001-08:002020-01-16T17:11:03.343-08:00Cheesy Wheezy EssayStarting as a small retail store in New Glarus, Wisconsin, the Cheezy Wheezy firm had slowly grown into a chain of nine retail shops located in southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois. In recent years, nearly all its competitors had begun issuing catalogs, widely distributed in late October, advertising gift packages of cheeses, jams, jellies, and other fancy food items. Henry Wilson, son of the firmââ¬â¢s founder, had convinced his father that Cheezy Wheezy should also issue a catalog. It was then March, and the last snows were melting. Henry Wilson had called his third staff meeting in as many weeks to discuss the catalog project. Present were Henry (whose title was vice president); Susan Moore, the sales manager; Jeff Bell, the inventory manager; and Robert Walker, the traffic manager. Also present was Robert Caldwell, from a Milwaukee-based ad agency that was handling many aspects of the catalog project. Moore and Caldwell had just finished describing the catalogââ¬â¢s tentative design and the allocation of catalog pages to various product lines. Caldwell then said, ââ¬Å"We are to the point where we must design the order form, which will be stapled inside the center pages. It will be a single 8 1/2-by-11-inch sheet. The customer will remove it from the catalog, complete it, fold it into the envelope shape, lick the gummed lines, and mail it in. The order form will be on one side of the sheet. On the other will be the instructions for folding and Cheezy Wheezyââ¬â¢s mailing address in New Glarus; the remainder of the space will be ads for some impulse items. Right now weââ¬â¢re thinking of a Santa Clausââ¬âshaped figure molded out of cheese. ââ¬Å"Enough of that,â⬠said Wilson, ââ¬Å"this group isnââ¬â¢t here to discuss Santa dolls. Weââ¬â¢re here to design the order form. We may also have to talk a little about selling terms. Susan? â⬠Responding to her cue, Moore said, ââ¬Å"Our biggest problem is how to handle the transportation and shipping costs. Weââ¬â¢ve studied all our competitorsââ¬â¢ catalogs. Some absorb the costs into the productââ¬â¢s price, some charge by weight of the order, some charge by money value of order, and some ship COD. â⬠ââ¬Å"How important are shipping costs, Susan? â⬠asked Bell. ââ¬Å"Plenty,â⬠was her response. They run $2 to $3 for a 1- or 2-pound package. If you take a pound of cheese that we sell in our retail stores for $2, here are our costs if it goes by catalog: cost of goods, $1; order management, 50 cents; overhead, including inventory carrying costs, 50 cents; packaging for shipment, 50 cents; and transportation costs to any point in the United States ranging between $1. 75 and $3. 20. If, however, weââ¬â¢re dealing with bigger shipments, the relative costs vary. â⬠ââ¬Å "Iââ¬â¢m not following you,â⬠said Wilson. ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s like this,â⬠responded Moore. The wholesale cost of cheese to us is the same per pound, no matter how much is sold. Order-processing costs are approximately the same for each order weââ¬â¢ll be receiving by mail. Overhead and inventory carrying costs are always present but may be allocated in a variety of ways. Packaging costs are also about the same per order. They go up only a few cents as we move to larger cartons. Transportation costs are hard to describe because of their tapers. Right now our whole catalog project is bogged down with the problem of transportation cost tapers. â⬠ââ¬Å"Tapers? â⬠said Wilson, turning to Walker. Youââ¬â¢ve never told me about tapers before. It sounds like some kind of animal. â⬠ââ¬Å"Thatââ¬â¢s tapir, t-a-p-i-r,â⬠said Walker. ââ¬Å"Weââ¬â¢re talking about tapers, t-a-p-e-r-s. â⬠ââ¬Å"Oh,â⬠said Wilson. ââ¬Å"What are they? â⬠ââ¬Å"When one ships small packages of cheese,â⬠said Walker, ââ¬Å"rates are based on two factors, the weight being shipped and the distance. As weight or distance increases or bothââ¬âthe rates go up but not as quickly. This is called the tapering principle. To ship 2 pounds of cheese from New Glarus to St. Louis costs $2. 40; 3 pounds cost $3. 30; 5 pounds cost $4. 60; and so on. One hundred poundsââ¬âno, 50 pounds is a better example because some of the parcel services weââ¬â¢ll be using wonââ¬â¢t take 100 poundsââ¬â50 pounds would cost $21. Thereââ¬â¢s also a distance taper. The 2-pound shipment that costs $2. 40 to St. Louis is $3. 40 to Denver and $4. 15 to Los Angeles. â⬠ââ¬Å"Canââ¬â¢t we use the average transportation costs? â⬠asked Bell. ââ¬Å"Thatââ¬â¢s what we do with inventory carrying costs. â⬠ââ¬Å"Wonââ¬â¢t work,â⬠said Caldwell. ââ¬Å"Youââ¬â¢ll be overpriced for small, short-distance shipments and will lose sales. For heavy long shipments, youââ¬â¢ll be underpriced and will make so many sales that you might soon go belly up. Wilson shuddered and inquired, ââ¬Å"Does that mean we charge by weight and by distance? â⬠Moore answered, ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s not that easy. In the cheese business, people buy by the pound, but shipping weightsââ¬âwhich include packagingââ¬âare actua lly more. A customer who orders 3 pounds of cheese is in fact receiving 3 pounds of cheese plus 6 ounces of packaging materials. I wish we could sell a pound of cheese that consisted of 14 ounces of cheese and 2 ounces of packing material, but that would be illegal at worst, and of questionable ethics, at best. â⬠ââ¬Å"We have the same problems with distance,â⬠added Walker. Weââ¬â¢re trying to sell in 50 states, but who knows how far they are from New Glarus? We could have tables and maps in the catalog, but they take up valuable selling space. Also, if it looks too complex, we may just turn off some potential customers before they complete their orders. â⬠ââ¬Å"Some of our clients have another problem,â⬠added Caldwell, ââ¬Å"and that is split orders. The customer will want 10 pounds of cheese, but it will be five 2-pound packages sent to five different locations. That has an impact on both packaging and transportation costs. â⬠ââ¬Å"So, what do we do? â⠬ asked Wilson. lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-21176324113133556032020-01-08T13:34:00.001-08:002020-01-08T13:34:03.315-08:00Amerigo Vespucci, Explorer and Navigator Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512) was a Florentine sailor, explorer, and trader. He was one of the more colorful characters of the early age of discovery in the Americas and captained one of the first journeys to the New World. His lurid descriptions of the New World natives made his accounts extremely popular in Europe and as a result, it is his name - Amerigo - which eventually would be modified into America and given to two continents. Early Life Amerigo was born into a wealthy family of Florentine silk traders who had a princely estate near the city of Peretola. They were very prominent citizens of Florence and many Vespuccis held important offices. Young Amerigo received an excellent education and served for a time as a diplomat before settling in Spain just in time to witness the excitement of Columbus first voyage. He decided that he, too, wanted to be an explorer. The Alonso de Hojeda Expedition In 1499, Vespucci joined the expedition of Alonso de Hojeda (also spelled Ojeda), a veteran of Columbus second voyage. The 1499 expedition included four ships and was accompanied by well-known cosmographer and cartographer Juan de la Cosa, who had gone on Columbus first two voyages. The expedition explored much of the northeastern coast of South America, including stops in Trinidad and Guyana. They also visited a tranquil bay and named it Venezuela, or Little Venice. The name stuck. Like Columbus, Vespucci suspected that he may have been looking at the long-lost Garden of Eden, the Earthly Paradise. The expedition found some gold, pearls, and emeralds and captured some slaves for sale, but still was not very profitable. Return to the New World Vespucci had earned a reputation as a skilled sailor and leader during his time with Hojeda, and he was able to convince the King of Portugal to finance a three-ship expedition in 1501. He had become convinced during his first trip that the lands he had seen were not, in fact, Asia, but something altogether new and previously unknown. The purpose of his 1501-1502 journey, therefore, became the location of a practical passage to Asia. He explored the eastern coast of South America, including much of Brazil, and may have gone as far as the Platte River in Argentina before returning to Europe. On this journey, he became more convinced than ever that the recently discovered lands were something new: the coast of Brazil that he had explored was much too far to the south to be India. This put him at odds with Christopher Columbus, who insisted until his death that the lands he had discovered were, in fact, Asia. In Vespuccis letters to his friends and patrons, he explained his new theories. Fame and Celebrity Vespuccis journey was not an extremely important one in relation to many of the others taking place at the time. Nevertheless, the seasoned navigator found himself something of a celebrity within a short time due to the publication of some letters he had allegedly written to his friend, Lorenzo di Pierfrancesco de Medici. Published under the name Mundus Novus (New World) the letters became an immediate sensation. They included fairly direct (for the sixteenth century) descriptions of sexuality (naked women!) as well as the radical theory that the recently discovered lands were, in fact, new. Mundus Novis was followed closely by a second publication, Quattuor Americi Vesputi Navigationes (Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci). Supposedly letters from Vespucci to Piero Soderini, a Florentine statesman, the publication describes four voyages (1497, 1499, 1501 and 1503) undertaken by Vespucci. Most historians believe some of the letters to be fakes: there is little other evidence that Vespucci even made the 1497 and 1503 journeys. Whether some of the letters were fakes or not, the two books were immensely popular in Europe. Translated into several languages, they were passed around and discussed exhaustively. Vespucci became an instant celebrity and was asked to serve on the committee which advised the King of Spain about New World policy. America In 1507, Martin Waldseemà ¼ller, who worked in the town of Saint-Dià © in Alsace, published two maps together with Cosmographiae Introductio, an introduction to cosmography. The book included the purported letters from Vespucciââ¬â¢s four voyages as well as sections reprinted fromà Ptolemy. On the maps, he referred to the newly discovered lands as ââ¬Å"America,â⬠in honor of Vespucci. It included an engraving of Ptolemy looking to the East and Vespucci looking to the West. Waldseemà ¼ller also gave Columbus plenty of credit, but it was the name America that stuck in the New World. Later Life Vespucci only ever made two journeys to the New World. When his fame spread, he was named to a board of royal advisers in Spain along with former shipmate Juan de la Cosa, Vicente Yà ¡Ã ±ez Pinzà ³n (captain of the Nià ±a on Columbusââ¬â¢ first voyage) and Juan Dà az de Solà s. Vespucci was namedà Piloto Mayor, ââ¬Å"Chief Pilotâ⬠of the Spanish Empire, in charge of establishing and documenting routes to the west. It was a lucrative and important position as all expeditions needed pilots and navigators, all of whom were answerable to him. Vespucci established a school of sorts, to train pilots and navigators, modernize long-distance navigation, collect charts and journals and basically collect and centralize all cartographic information. He died in 1512. Legacy Were it not for his famous name, immortalized on not one but two continents,à Amerigo Vespuccià would today no doubt be a minor figure in world history, well-known to historians but unheard of outside of certain circles. Contemporaries such as Vicente Yà ¡Ã ±ez Pinzà ³n and Juan de la Cosa were arguably more important explorers and navigators. Heard of them? Didnââ¬â¢t think so. Thatââ¬â¢s not to lessen Vespucciââ¬â¢s accomplishments, which were considerable. He was a very talented navigator and explorer who was respected by his men. When he served as Piloto Mayor, he encouraged key advances in navigation and trained future navigators. His letters ââ¬â whether he actually wrote them or not ââ¬â inspired many to learn more about the New World and colonize it. He was neither the first nor the last to envision the route to the west that was eventually discovered byà Ferdinand Magellanà andà Juan Sebastià ¡n Elcano, but he was one of the best-known. Itââ¬â¢s even arguable that he deserves the eternal recognition of having his name on North and South America. He was one of the first to openly defy the still-influential Columbus and declare that the New World was, in fact, something new and unknown and not simply a previously-uncharted part of Asia. It took courage to contradict not only Columbus but all of the ancient writers (such asà Aristotle) who had no knowledge of continents to the west. Source: Thomas, Hugh.à Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan.à New York: Random House, 2005. lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-27211218640121987092019-12-31T10:00:00.001-08:002019-12-31T10:00:03.906-08:00World Civilization - 4404 Words ASSIGNMENT 05 HS250 World Civilizations II Directions: Customer Question Ask your own question now gt; ASSIGNMENT 05 HS250 World Civilizations II Directions: Be sure to make an electronic copy of your answer before submitting it to Ashworth College for grading. Unless otherwise stated, answer in complete sentences, and be sure to use correct English spelling and grammar. Sources must be cited in APA format. Your response should be one (1) single-spaced page in length; refer to the Assignment Format page for specific format requirements. Some historians have argued that the First World War was the logical, perhaps inevitable, outcome of the revolutionary changes of the nineteenth century. Discuss thisâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Customer Reply Sorry didnt mean to send it to you Posted by lisalkawecki 259 days and 4 hours ago. Response From Expert o.k., thanks, XXXXX XXXXX in the process of writing your first essay now 259 days and 4 hours ago. Customer Reply Ok kool when are you going to posted that for me.. Posted by lisalkawecki 259 days and 4 hours ago. Response From Expert as soon as I am finished, shortly Accepted Answer Good afternoon, Thank you for allowing me to assist you this afternoon. The following is the information that you requested: World War I The assertion that some historians have argued that the First World War was a logical, perhaps inevitable, outcome of the revolutionary changes of the nineteenth century is an accurate statement. In regards XXXXX XXXXX long term causes of the World War I, there are four central factors. The first two factors that contributed to the longterm causes of WWI were Militarism and Alliances. The growing Europeans divide had led to an arms race between the main countries involved in the war The armies of both France and Germany had more than doubled in size between 1870 and 1914. In addition, there was great competition between Britain and Germany for the rules of the sea. This led to the alliances that were signed between countries. Between the years 1879 and 1914 there were several alliancesShow MoreRelatedCivilization : A World Without Civilization954 Words à |à 4 PagesCivilization After being asked the question ââ¬Å"What is Civilization?â⬠I began to consider what civilization meant to me, and what could it have meant for millions of people in the past. Prior to beginning History 101, if you had asked me my views on civilization, it would have been a lot different than it is now. Before, I hadnââ¬â¢t really considered a world without civilization, the idea seems so foreign to us, modern day humans. A world with no cities, no towns, and no production or consumption? ItRead MoreComparison of Civilizations in the Ancient World Essay983 Words à |à 4 PagesEarly civilization consisted of core values that defined the communities that resided within it. These communities were driven by numerous factors in which would decide the overall outcome of the civilization. Geography, social and economic values, and theyââ¬â¢re culture all played an important role in the makeup of these civilizations. Mesopotamia was a successful farming community early on. Utilizing the Tigris and Euphrates rivers this community was able to create a successful way of farming throughRead MoreAnalysis Of Samuel Huntingtons Clash Of Civilizations And The Remaking Of The World Order1018 Words à |à 5 PagesIn Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order, Samuel Huntington states ââ¬Å"The most important distinctions among peoples are no longer ideological, political, or economic. They are culturalâ⬠. This is his main argument throughout this book. New patterns of distinctions and conflict will occur along boundaries of different cultures. However, patterns of cohesion will be found within the cultural boundaries. Huntington analyzes the resurgence of post-cold war cultural identities. He doesRead MoreWorld Civilizations Ii Essay2469 Words à |à 10 PagesWorld Civilizations II Unknown Unknown University World Civilizations II Unknown xxxx x, xxxx How could rational thought and technological development have affected the worldââ¬â¢s development in the modern age and the development to where we are today? The Purpose of this paper is to demonstrate how rational thought and technological advancement was the driving force behind the Modern Age. The reader will have some understanding as to how rational thought opened up minds to a new way ofRead MoreAshford His 103 (World Civilizations I) Entire New Course Essay1446 Words à |à 6 PagesAshford HIS 103 (World Civilizations I) Entire New Course IF You Want To Purchase A+ Work Then Click The Link Below , Instant Download http://hwnerd.com/HIS-103-World-Civilizations-I-Entire-New-Course-ASHFORD-1161.htm?categoryId=-1 If You Face Any Problem E- Mail Us At Contact.Hwnerd@Gmail.Com Hunter-Gatherers. Although most students begin by assuming settled farming life was better than that lived by hunter-gatherers, closer acquaintance with full Paleolithic Hunter-Gatherer life showsRead More Samuel Huntingtons The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order2706 Words à |à 11 PagesAbstract Samuel Huntingtons The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order defines eight major civilizations on the basis of religion. This division of global powers can be used to prove that the Western civilization will never completely dominate the global media. While Western thought tends to lead to a more representative form of government, and consequently a more libertarian or social responsibility-based media, the other belief systems of the global powers tend to lead to moreRead MoreIndia And China s World s Oldest Civilization Essay1010 Words à |à 5 Pagesthe worldââ¬â¢s oldest civilization and they have shared a long history of cultural, scientific and economic linkages. In this day and age considering the recent GDP numbers from China and India: Beijing (Capital of China) says its ââ¬Ëgrew by a respectable 6.7% in the first three months of 2016, while New Delhi (Capital of India)reported a remarkable 7.9% expansion in the same period. Together (India and China) they account for 16% of the world GDP, or about $13trillion. But the World Bank only showed theRead MoreAncient Egypt : The World Civilizations Essay1084 Words à |à 5 PagesThomas Pennell World Civilizations I Mr. Shows 7 November 2016 Ancient Egypt Multiple factors go into account when considering that Ancient Egypt is one of the best civilizations of all time. First, the location of Egypt allowed it to prosper; second, the culture was one that the world hadnââ¬â¢t seen until then; third, the architecture that took place baffles scientists to this day; and lastly the impact it had on modern culture. 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Hannibal Barca was the greatest military Generals of the ancient world, he lead the Carthaginian Army. He took over at the age of 26. Some of the tactics that he used that were so successful and are used today are taking out and surrounding lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-45147613851458952102019-12-23T05:47:00.001-08:002019-12-23T05:47:03.308-08:00Essay on Basic Concepts in Attachment Theory - 2804 Words Basic Concepts in Attachment Theory Attachment theory is the joint work of John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth (Ainsworth Bowlby, 1991 ). Drawing on concepts from ethology, cybernetics, information processing, developmental psychology, and psychoanalysts, John Bowlby formulated the basic tenets of the theory. He thereby revolutionized our thinking about a childââ¬â¢s tie to the mother and its disruption through separation, deprivation, and bereavement. Mary Ainsworthââ¬â¢s innovative methodology not only made it possible to test some of Bowlbyââ¬â¢s ideas empirically hut also helped expand the theory itself and is responsible for some of the new directions it is now taking. Ainsworth contributed the concept of the attachment figure as a secureâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦129), a life-span perspective shared by Ainsworth 1989[pic]. And indeed, research on attachment in childhood has been complemented by expanding attention to attachment in adults. |Attachment in Adulthood | | | Attachment patterns are hypothesized to persist across the life span through the reinforcing properties of internal working models (Bowlby 1973[pic]; Main, Kaplan, and Cassidy 1985[pic]). The first attachment relationship provides a template, a self-perpetuating schema that influences subsequent relationships. Mental representations from early attachment bonds thereby influence how individuals seek, anticipate, and interpret future interpersonal interactions (West and Sheldon-Keller 1994[pic]). Reflecting its roots, attachment theory also has emerged as a framework for understanding the relationship between adult children and their parents. Some theorists have suggested that adult children relinquish their parents as attachment figures (Weiss 1982[pic]), whereas others have amassed secondary evidence that attachments to parents are sustained (Krause and Haverkamp 1996[pic]). In a study of adult children whose parents were institutionalized, Crispi, Schiaffino, and Berman 1997[pic] found that childrens attachment style predicted aspects of their well-being.Show MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Attachment Theory1421 Words à |à 6 Pages There are a lot of close relationship theory that are studied in social psychology but one of the main theory is attachment theory. This theory not only provides a framework for understanding emotional reactions in infants but also in love, loneliness, and grief in adults. In adults there are attachment styles that are a type of working model that explains certain behaviors that are developed at infancy and childhood. An infant requires two basic attitudes during their earliest interactionsRead MoreBonding : Maternal Infant Attachment And The Maternal Role Attainment Theory1707 Words à |à 7 PagesA concept is an abstract group of thoughts that integrates unrelated phenomena, and is the primary building block of a theory. Concepts are necessary components of a phenomenon, which are used to comprehend and be synthesized into a theory or paradigm. (McEwen, M. Wills, E.M.) According to McEwen Wills concept exploration, concept clarification, and concept analysis are three strat egies described by Meleis in 2012. These are used in nursing theory, research and practice to develop conceptualRead MorePsychology is not just common sense1300 Words à |à 6 Pagesto disprove misconceptions and theories conceived out of said common sense. The majority of laymen believe that if an infant is not securely attached to its caregiver, it must have no sense of attachment at all. Moreover, they assume blindly that there will be no in-betweens. However, psychology shows that there is much more to it when it comes to attachment styles. There are in fact, three main types of attachment styles that make up the crux of the Attachment Theory, which will be explored in furtherRead MoreTheories Of Developmental Psychology : Attachment Theory1178 Words à |à 5 PagesDescribe and evaluate two theories in developmental psychology Attachment theory, it refers to an affectionate bond. ââ¬Å"A relatively extended and enduring connection with the partner is important as a unique individual is interchangeable with no otherâ⬠Ainsworth (1989) cited in Gross (2003) hand out in class (03/06/2013).The aim of this attachment is for the infant to remain in close proximity to the attachment figure as she is considered the secure base and the infant would become distressed on separationRead MoreThe Attachment Of Children And Their Influence On Children1686 Words à |à 7 PagesAvoidant Attachment in Children Parents are a vital factor in the development of their children. Many parents fill various roles as teachers, playmates, caregivers, and disciplinary figures; but one of the most important roles that a parent can hold is that of an attachment figure. The attachment between a child and their attachment figure is a strong predictor of the childââ¬â¢s later social and emotional wellbeing (Benoit, 2004). John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth worked together to come to the principleRead MoreChild Care Services1536 Words à |à 7 Pagesconsciousness erupts, and education must also . Froebelââ¬â¢s kindergarten offered play and discovery oriented activities (active learning) along with protection and safety. Froebelââ¬â¢s concept of kindergarten earned immense popularity and as a result, opened doors throughout Germany and then across Europe and Frobelââ¬â¢s concept of Kindergarten crossed the Atlantic to North America in 1856 in Wisconsin, the United States. The first public kinderga rten in Canada was established in 1892 as part of the ProtestantRead MoreFour Basic Elements Of Hirschis Social Bond Theory795 Words à |à 4 Pagessocial bond theory is made up of four basic elements; attachment, commitment, involvement and belief. The element of attachment has to do with oneââ¬â¢s involvement in society, and the bonds they form with others. Social bond theory is based on the idea that deviancy occurs in an individual when social connections are weak or non-existent, the element of attachment has to do with the bonds one forms with individuals or institutions. Attachment acts as an indirect control factor, as attachment determinesRead MorePersonality Development of Children: Who Matters More?1681 Words à |à 7 Pagesdevelopment is attachment ââ¬â the ability to form emotional bonds with others. Scholars agree that attachment is one of the most important aspects of child development, as it sets the groundwork for emotional development and subsequent social functioning (Hutchinson, 2008). Attachment relationships and their vast influence on peopleââ¬â¢s behaviors in all stages of their life cycles are essential to the research of developmental and clinical psychology (Encyclopedia.com). The attachment theory was developedRead MoreDynamic Systems Theory Of Motor Development Essay1360 Words à |à 6 Pagesinfant undergoes includes (1) going from using basic reflexes to learning complex motor skills (e.g. how to crawl and walk); (textbook p. 142; Chapter 4), (2) developing fine motor skills (e.g. precisely reaching and grasping for a toy); (p. 185; Chapter 5), and (3) developing vision, specifically depth perception and pattern perception (e.g. developing the ability to recognize); (pp. 189-193, Chapter 5). These are examples of the dynamic systems theory of motor development as the infant progressesRead MoreClient Centered Theory Essay1224 Words à |à 5 PagesClient Centered Theory Client centered theory was originated by Carl Rogers and is considered to be a humanistic theory of process or evolution (Coady Lehman, 2008). Rogers developed 19 basic premises of personality in which an individual was held to grow through the processes of a reduction in defensive mechanisms and the self-directed development of internal cognizance (Corsini Wedding, 2008/2011). The processes would occur when the theoretical constructs of congruence, acceptance and empathy lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-48383349730978781672019-12-15T02:17:00.001-08:002019-12-15T02:17:03.829-08:00ââ¬ÅWrite About the Ways Auden Tells the Story in the Poetic Piece ââ¬ËMiss Geeââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬Â Free Essays ââ¬Å"Write about the ways Auden tells the story in the poetic piece ââ¬ËMiss Geeââ¬â¢? â⬠Through the ballad of ââ¬ËMiss Geeââ¬â¢ Auden tells the story of the character Miss Edith Gee this is achieved in a variety of ways. The poetic piece is a ballad intended to be read to the tune of ââ¬ËSt Jamesââ¬â¢ Infirmaryââ¬â¢. Auden has created a regular pattern of quatrains as well as a regular rhythm which progresses the general flow of the poem and creates the atmosphere of a story for the reader. We will write a custom essay sample on ââ¬Å"Write About the Ways Auden Tells the Story in the Poetic Piece ââ¬ËMiss Geeââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ or any similar topic only for you Order Now The initial exposition is extremely sympathetic towards Miss Gee. ââ¬Å"Now let me tell you a little story about Miss Edith Geeâ⬠is a cruel way to open the narrative as Auden instantly belittles her character and makes her seem insignificant, whereas she is actually the main, if not only character we meet in detail. This technique is effectives the reader then feels that she is insignificant, and although it is she who lends her name to the poem, is an outcast and a quiet individual. She is continually referred to as small, further lowering the impressions of the character to the reader. Auden establishes the setting of the poem in the introductory stanza, as would be done in a story ââ¬Å"She lived in Clevedon Terrace/ At Number 83â⬠. This is an ordinary address and place for the poem to be set it, this in turn establishes the normality and average attributes of Miss Gee showing her character as one of no complexity. The further repetition of ââ¬ËClevedon Terraceââ¬â¢ in the poem is a constant reminder from Auden to the reader to always bring them back to the fact that the character Miss Gee is intended to be average and ordinary just like any other individual. Miss Geeââ¬â¢s appearance is made apparent by Auden in the third stanza ââ¬Å"Sheââ¬â¢d a velvet hat with trimmings,/And a dark grey serge costume;â⬠ââ¬Å"purpleâ⬠¦ greenâ⬠this description of Miss Geeââ¬â¢s clothing is very ironic as lots of colours are present but on a colourless character. Auden may have intended this imagery to be seen as symbolism of Miss Geeââ¬â¢s persona how she tries to mask her simplicity in colours but is always unable to mask her unfeminine personality and the fact that she is insecure in her own skin. The is no connection between Auden and herself and the poem has a very impersonal tone to it Auden is very mocking of Miss Gee when describing her clothing as a ââ¬Å"costumeâ⬠which creates the impression that she almost trying to dress up as somebody else and is seen to some as somewhat of a joke. Auden uses a regular pattern of rhyme throughout the poetic piece How to cite ââ¬Å"Write About the Ways Auden Tells the Story in the Poetic Piece ââ¬ËMiss Geeââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ , Papers lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-21220043203449797112019-12-06T22:40:00.001-08:002019-12-06T22:40:04.972-08:00A Review Facing Issues into the Construction Industry Australia Question: Discuss about the A Review Facing Issues into the Construction Industry Australia. Answer: Project scope According to the Australian Construction Industry forum (2016), the Australian construction sector has constructed projects worth $ 207 billion, which is a slight drop from what the industry did in 2015 2016. The drop has been attributed to the passing of a construction and economic boom, which has now passed on to other sectors. Besides this, some other trends are facing the market, including an acute shortage of skilled labour (ACIF, 2016). The shortage has the potential of negatively affecting the industry through substandard work, and missed deadlines, as well as soaring costs. Costs are not being affected by labour shortages only, but also by the economic realities that have made materials and other factors of production much more expensive. There have been claims of malpractice, which have badly affected the reputation of the industry. Coupled with this, the industry has seen its insurance claims rise, raising concerns about its safety mechanisms. The industry has also been be set with decreasing productivity, due to the cutting off of employees wages. At the head of this problem is the decreased construction activity, as well as rising costs of capital, which have placed more stress on contractors to be as efficient as possible (Research-Australia, 2015). In light of these issues, there is a clear need for research on how the problems above could be resolved. Collecting and analyzing empirical data will enable the group to better identify and prescribe solutions to the problems outlined above. Group members and their roles ________will be the Group leader. The leader will assign tasks and coordinate research. He will also ensure all members are moving at the same pace. _______ will be the liaison officer. The member will be in charge of all communication with other parties, including other groups and the tutor. The member will also be responsible for all submissions of documents as the class may require. ________ will be the documents manager. The document manager has been charged with all typing and final documents preparations, including collating of the final document. The member will liaise with all group members, with the assistance of the group leader, to collect and combine information, thereby coming up with a finished document. Project activities The first activity will be the formation of the group after the group has been assembled; each member will be given their tasks during the duration of the research. The group embers will nominate amongst themselves, the positions lined out above. Once this is done, the group leader will set out a program in consultation with the members, and thereafter assign each member a specific duty to perform so as to complete the assignment. Each member will thereafter to complete their weekly tasks, which will be a preliminary fact finding mission. Thereafter, the members will together go to the field to collect the necessary data, using interviews, observations, questionnaires and any other tools that may help them in getting the information they require for the exercise. On a weekly basis, the members will meet to discuss their progress, and analyze the data collected thus far. The members will also, between themselves, draft the draft report, and build up on it as more research is conducted and data collected. On the 10th week, the data collection exercise should be complete. Members will hand in their assigned tasks, which will then be drafted into a single report. The following three weeks will involve weekly meetings, during which the document will be fine-tuned, and any issues addressed to the tutor. The final document will be completed on week 14. During the course of the research project, members are expected to at all times abide by the rules, which are: always attend meetings, and on time, submit the required weekly tasks on time, create time and carry out diligent research on the assigned task, cooperate with all members in ensuring research is accurate, and conduct themselves in a professional manner during discussions. Channels of communications should not be used for anything else other than for the purposes of the assignment. Group communication plan On the first meeting, a Whats App group will be created. The group will be used to conduct daily communications on the progress of research, and will serve as an important avenue to keep track of progress, while also easily addressing any issues arising. Every week, there will be a physical meeting, headed by the group leader. The meeting will be to take stock of what has taken place so far, and to help in a more detailed analysis of the assignment, The form of the assignment will become more clear during these meetings, after which the main agreed upon points will be communicated via Whats App by the group leader. Information will be shared using the two modules described above face to face meetings and Whats App messaging, as well as emails. Emails will be important in delivering information accompanied by attachments. Members who do not abide by the group rules, and engage in irresponsible behaviour will be put on notice by the group leader. Should the behaviour persist, other group members will make a unanimous decision to expel or suspend the member, and consult with the tutor on the action taken. In order to maximize results, all members will be expected to help each other in their daily tasks. Additionally, members are encouraged to air their views on the group for further discussion and assistance. Group agreement We agree to abide by the rules set out in section 3, and with the communication plan above. We unanimously agree on the group roles set out in section 2, and commit to doing our utmost in supporting other members in the research. Failure to fulfil our individual mandates will result in the penalties described in section 4 of this plan. Student 1 name Electronic signature Student 2 name Electronic signature Student 3 name Electronic signature Student 4 name Electronic signature Grant Chart Project Timeline preliminary research Field research submissions drafting of the final report week 5 week 6 week 7 week 8 week 9 week 10 week 11 week 12 week 13 week 14 References ACIF, 2016. Latest Summary. [Online] from acif.au: https://www.acif.com.au/forecasts/summary [04 02, 2017] Research-Australia, 2015. the issues facing the australian construction industry. [Online] from www.researchaustralia.com.au: https://www.researchaustralia.com.au/the-issues-facing-the-australian-construction-industry/ [04 02, 2017] Watson, M., 2007. Concerns for Skills Shortages in the 21st Century: A Review into the Construction Industry, Australia. Journal of Construction Economics and Building, 7, (1), available at https://dx.doi.org/10.5130/AJCEB.v7i1.2977 Najjir, G., et al, 2012. Issues for the Global Construction Market. Journal of Construction Economics and Building, pp 73 81. Hashim, N., et al, 2012. Management Challenges within Multiple Project Environments: Lessons for Developing Countries. Journal of Construction Economics and Building, pp21 31. Osman, O., 2014. Emerging Governance and Economic Issues in Construction Industry in Malaysia.1st Ed. Kuala Lumpur: AcademicInprint Series lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-52605647066377838612019-11-29T10:43:00.001-08:002019-11-29T10:43:02.835-08:00Significance of Selling Online Research Paper ExampleSignificance of Selling Online Paper Selling online can revolutionize your business. An online storefront has a number of very powerful advantages over a brick-and-mortar location that can yield big dividends for surprisingly little investment of time and money. Even if you have a physical shop, an online store can be a big help in marketing your business, as well a being a supplementary sales outlet that can add to your bottom line. The benefits of opening an online store are endless: 1 . Reduce your costs ââ¬â setup and operational costs are much less than selling from a hysterical store, directly improving your bottom line. There is no rent to pay, you hire less personnel, and so forth. 2. Simplify your sales processes ââ¬â using simple automation, customer orders can go directly to your products database and into the shipping queue. With a well-designed online store you can improve your sales processes considerably, reducing your costs further or selling more products per transaction. 3. Go global overnight ââ¬â increase sales opportunities by gaining instant access to a wider marketplace. Sell to the entire country and even abroad! 4. You can sleep but your store never will ââ¬â with your online shop open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, you increase the number of customers who can shop your selection, further increasing your opportunity for sales. As the internet is growing and increasing on a daily basis and computers being in every home the ability to buy and sell directly online has become the internet number one commodity. We will write a custom essay sample on Significance of Selling Online specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Significance of Selling Online specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Significance of Selling Online specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer People from all countries, cities within Canada, the USA and the rest of the world are buying and selling online. People love shopping but a lot people do not have time to go to a shopping mall, they do not have time to waste riving to and from stores. Online buying and selling is the way to start freeing up more time to do other things with families and friends. The advantages of buying online are that it is quick, prices are usually lower priced, descriptions and comments can be seen by past customers. There is a large number of people buying online and if they are all satisfied you will be too. The advantage of buying online can be that you are not physically able to touch the product and it usually takes a few days for delivery. The advantages of selling online is that you are able to reach a large audience, you are able to sell multiple items at low low costs without having a store and at times without even having a product or service. The disadvantages of selling online is that your customers may find lower prices at other competitors, the internet is a large place and you have to carve out a niche market for you and your online products and services. Selling online has a number of advantages over selling by conventional methods, including: * Making savings in set-up and operational costs. You donââ¬â¢t need to pay shop assistants, rent high-street premises, or answer a lot of pre-sales queries. Reducing order-processing costs ââ¬â customer orders can automatically come straight into your orders database from the website. * Reaching a global audience, thereby increasing sales opportunities. * Competing with larger businesses by being able to open 24 hours a day, seven days a week. Being able to receive payment more quickly from online transactions. * Attracting customers who would not normally have investigated your type of high-street outlet. * Improving your offerings using the data gathered by tracking customer purchases. * Using your online shop as a catalogue for existing customers. Selling over the internet is not very much different from selling on the counter. It is more or less the same thing. Selling through inter net has lots of challenges and requires lots of efforts and patience. But people think that online business is relatively simple and Just dunk into it. Elf you run your own business, then you probably know that getting customers is not that easy task. It is no different if you are running the business online. Getting customers for your business is always a tedious task. In some of the cases, it is even more difficult to get online business as there eight not be enough traffic on that site. Elf you know how to market your business, you can easily sell online. Then you do not need any web experience or programming knowledge. But you need to have some common sense and need to be a business fanatic. Then, you have the capability to run any type of business. Cost factor is the biggest advantage of selling your products online. The retail space is expensive and the traffic is limited to a local market only. An online store is always cheap and easy to manage. Considering these factors, you cannot afford not to sell online. lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-55463487913493928332019-11-25T15:35:00.001-08:002019-11-25T15:35:02.891-08:00Free Essays on Closed ChambersClosed Chambers Edward Lazarus has written the book Closed Chambers based on his own experiences, interviews with sources such as other former clerks, and memoranda from the chambers of the justices, as well as other accessible sources. He discusses the evolving role that political ideology has played in the decisions of various cases in the areas of civil rights, abortion, and the death penalty. He focuses specifically on the Rehnquist Court of the 1980ââ¬â¢s. Lazarus criticizes both liberal and conservative Justices for sacrificing judicial review for the pursuit of political agenda, and collegiality and debate for machiavellian tactics. Lazarus portrays the modern Rehnquist Court as bitterly divided into factions. There are the Justices like Rehnquist, Scalia, and Thomas who are considered jurisprudentially "conservative," as well as those like Blackmun, William Brennan, Thurgood Marshall, and John Paul Stevens who are jurisprudentially "liberal" (Blackmun, Marshall and Brennan have left the court, but they were on the bench during many of the events Lazarus describes). The members of the different factions, says Lazarus, tend to vote on the important cases based on political preference, without fulfilling their obligation to justify their conclusions with well-reasoned opinions. The bad blood between the factions is serious enough that, for example, when the liberals induce the Court to hear the case of someone on death row, the conservatives have been inclined not to allow a stay of execution, which would have the result of the prisoner being killed while the Court was in the middle of reviewing his case. Lazarus also discusses the role of the clerks. The justices hire young law-school graduates to help the Court select cases to hear and also to help the Justices research and write opinions. Lazarus portrays the clerks as sharing in the factionalism of their bosses thereby, exacerbating that factionalism. This is too much ... Free Essays on Closed Chambers Free Essays on Closed Chambers Closed Chambers Edward Lazarus has written the book Closed Chambers based on his own experiences, interviews with sources such as other former clerks, and memoranda from the chambers of the justices, as well as other accessible sources. He discusses the evolving role that political ideology has played in the decisions of various cases in the areas of civil rights, abortion, and the death penalty. He focuses specifically on the Rehnquist Court of the 1980ââ¬â¢s. Lazarus criticizes both liberal and conservative Justices for sacrificing judicial review for the pursuit of political agenda, and collegiality and debate for machiavellian tactics. Lazarus portrays the modern Rehnquist Court as bitterly divided into factions. There are the Justices like Rehnquist, Scalia, and Thomas who are considered jurisprudentially "conservative," as well as those like Blackmun, William Brennan, Thurgood Marshall, and John Paul Stevens who are jurisprudentially "liberal" (Blackmun, Marshall and Brennan have left the court, but they were on the bench during many of the events Lazarus describes). The members of the different factions, says Lazarus, tend to vote on the important cases based on political preference, without fulfilling their obligation to justify their conclusions with well-reasoned opinions. The bad blood between the factions is serious enough that, for example, when the liberals induce the Court to hear the case of someone on death row, the conservatives have been inclined not to allow a stay of execution, which would have the result of the prisoner being killed while the Court was in the middle of reviewing his case. Lazarus also discusses the role of the clerks. The justices hire young law-school graduates to help the Court select cases to hear and also to help the Justices research and write opinions. Lazarus portrays the clerks as sharing in the factionalism of their bosses thereby, exacerbating that factionalism. This is too much ... lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-69682660795950943842019-11-21T22:59:00.001-08:002019-11-21T22:59:03.051-08:00Commerce Clause WIckard v. Filburn and Affordable Care Act Term PaperCommerce Clause WIckard v. Filburn and Affordable Care Act - Term Paper Example The judicial system novel comprehension was solidified and elongated over the next couple of years, as the older judges stopped working due to retirement, giving FDR the chances that his militant endeavors had failed to establish. With this in mind why should we bother reviewing, much less written of the book ââ¬Å"Rethinking the New Deal Court?â⬠Main body Barry Cushman, a historian at Virginia University, provides a simple answer: the story we are aware of and love is incorrect. In Barryââ¬â¢s point of view, the assertion that a craven court suddenly neglected several doctrines to save itself from the critics of Rooseveltââ¬â¢s group is misplaced on every instance. The doctrinal alterations were not sudden, but happened over an extended period of time, as a number of justices slowly pulled away from previous decisions restricting governmentââ¬â¢s directive of the economy. The climax was not 1937 but rather 1934, when the judicial system defended a New York decree set ting milksââ¬â¢ price. At last, the absolute momentum to change was not the threats from outside, but the judgment of the courts own ruling. Even though, Cushman is in agreement that by 1940 the constitution of the pre-New Deal was gone, he is not in the same wavelength why, when, and how it was neglected. Stressing Cushmanââ¬â¢s disapproval of the typical description, is a condemnation of the poetics of the legal authority- the way we converse about jury and rule unspoken in that account? To be distinctive, he believes that the typical explanation is too reductionist in its handling of decree and the jury. The law is reduced to politics, treating the jury as just politicians who are not elected militants who respond to their condition as any politician might be; doing what is prudential to enhance their agenda. Many at times, they are usually greedy and their reach supersedes their grasp. Such overreacting was in short what transpired in the 1930s, according to the typical ac count. By putting down the New Deal and supplementary intrepid political schemes channeled to save the nation from the Depression, the Judicial aggravated such a powerful response that it had to move back in the facet of Rooseveltââ¬â¢s Court-packing preparation in order to conserve what was left of its veracity and supremacy. Cushman starts by illustrating that the typical account does not fit the history of events. In fact, this description requires a string of events that is exactly the opposite of what actually transpired. Most visibly, the fairness debated and voted for the vital cases in meeting a number of weeks before Roosevelt proclaimed the court-packing strategy. Although not yet unearthed, the toggle happened before the nine noticed that they required to be saved. In the event that the court had the knowledge of the courts-packing strategy when voting, the plan stimulated up such antagonism from politicians and people that it might have threatened the justices. Indeed , looking at it at a closer perspective of opposition to the jury indicates that the real mystery is why the jury for ages to integrate the New deals. It was fastest in its resistance during the first years of the New deal, when the allies and FDR were mostly known and liked. It rejected the struggle long after the climax of lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-6666751433761567582019-11-20T18:06:00.001-08:002019-11-20T18:06:03.965-08:00History and the Current Debate on Fox Hunting Literature reviewHistory and the Current Debate on Fox Hunting - Literature review Example The view that man is superior to animal was also pointed out by Aristotle who thought that only humans were ââ¬Å"capable of rational deliberationâ⬠(Trevelyan 1922). Hunting is one of the characteristics that mankind holds ever since its existence. It can be traced back to the days of the nomads whose only means of survival was through hunting. But with time, the verb has gone through a drastic change from a means of survival to a sport and thus a necessity has been replaced by entertainment. The Homo erectus hunted for living whereas the man of today hunts because hunting is a hobby and a means of amusement. It is an out-door sport with the intention to exhibit oneââ¬â¢s skills or a perfect answer to oneââ¬â¢s boredom. But for Paget, hunting is not a sport played at leisure but a dangerous pursuit of an animal in the places where they actually exist freely and reproduce. He says that a shot is solely registered for a hunt and if a man actually deviates from this reason, he is not a hunter and not a part of the sport of hunting (Paget 1900). Hunting is divided into various groups and fox hunting has been placed above all the other forms and has been marked to be the best sports by a group of people. It was and still continues to be the favourite sport of the Britons. Fox hunting is a blood sport as the animal world calls it and is a subject of much controversy as it is the shooting of animals for the purpose of enjoyment (Gast 2006). In Britain, the history of fox hunting holds a large volume and can be traced back to the 17th century when it was at its highest peak. It was the greatest sport until 1914 which was the year when the World War One started and it marked the end of the golden age. It was now surrounded by controversies and a full fledge debate up rooted between the masses whether it should be made legal or not and thus it was a turning point in the history of Britain (Wallen 2006). The history of Fox hunting can be traced back to 1534, when farmers in Norfolk, England started hunting down foxes with the assistance of their hounds. They were trained to follow the foxââ¬â¢s scent and only a hound could kill it while the hunter watched because its meat was not considered edible. The fox hunters were not much attracted to the idea of killing the fox with their own hands. They rather watched the hound do the honors while they sat on their horses and enjoyed the view. The fox was not meant for eating but was a pest that threatened farmersââ¬â¢ livestock and crops (Gradiner 2006). Thomas Fownes was the first man with a pack specifically for fox hunting. He sold it to a breeder in Yorkshire who further spread the transaction and by the middle of the century, several packs were seen that were exclusively kept for chasing down the foxes (Paget 1900). During the eighteenth century, fox hunting had replaced stag hunting and had spread out till Pytchley under the Lordship of Althrop (Trevelyan 1922). It had become the fa vourite sport of the riches who took it as a means of showing their wealth and valour. It was the sport of the higher class that existed in the society. There was a gradual division of class and culture and the upper class now aimed to live a much lavish life. They now, owned colossal estates and houses and enjoyed hunting because they were rich enough to buy and maintain horses and hounds (Gast 2006). The year 1753, is considered to be mark as an important era of fox lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-87623061672433803232019-11-18T18:33:00.001-08:002019-11-18T18:33:03.790-08:00Activities of KKD in the International Market EssayActivities of KKD in the International Market - Essay Example The paper tells that Krispey Kreme stores are located in Australia, Canada, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Kuwait, Mexico, The Philippines, South Korea and United Kingdom. In fiscal 2007, 60 new international stores were opened, while 5 international stores were closed down. Krispey Kreme concentrates on their development effort, primarily in Asia and Middle East. In 2007, The Krispey Kreme was awarded the development rights in the Middle East, Hong Kong, Tokyo, the Philippines, and Indonesia. The developments and franchise agreements for these territories provide for the development of in these regions 200 stores. The International Franchise division consists of the companyââ¬â¢s global store franchise activities. Worldwide franchise stores trade in doughnuts and complementary products, exclusively through the appropriate sales channel as in the case of Krespey Kreme direct outlets, using the same store formats as in the company stores segment. The International Franchise division also uses a kiosk format for the effective operation. The North Carolina-based Krispy Kreme has come to Asia. The KKD opened its first shop in Hong Kong and then in Indonesia. Tokyo, Manila and Macau outlets were opened as they expanded their business in Asia. For the other part of the continent, KKD opened outlets in Kuwait; with an eye on is setting up this fall in Kuwait with additional shops planned for the Saudi Arabia, Egypt and United Arab Emirates. Hong Kong and other Asian countries are relatively easier targets now, than it were it were a few years ago. External Environment of Krispey Kreme: In the US market, Krispy Kreme faces completion in baking industry. Krispey Kreme production includes breads, pies, doughnuts, cakes and coffee. The competition is exceedingly high and so firms must be able to provide cheap, differentiated products to the purchaser who needs them for low switching costs. In America, the people are busy and they always go for the fast food which makes t hem fatty and diabetic. Now the people are aware of this problem, and they are choosy in food as well as taste. In international market, the Dunkinââ¬â¢s Donuts is the main competitor for the Krispey Kreme donuts because it offers or similar lines products to the customers. The Dunkinââ¬â¢s donuts have a reputation in international market as they only introduced the first zero gram fatty products for the customers. The Asian franchises sell doughnuts only at their outlets aiming at monopoly. KKDââ¬â¢s business in the United States actually concentrates on wholesale business. Krispy Kreme has appended its base in the US by supplementing them with other items, in supermarkets and convenience stores. The Challenges: 1)à à à à à Competitive: KrispyKreme functions in the area of expertise eatery business; on the other hand they compete with all outlets that a customer can access with the intention of satisfying usage for snacks, coffee, or treat-based objects. These o utlets consist of other area of expertise eateries, fast food outlets, local expediency stores, and other retail atmospheres that store coffee and other beverages. With regard to their core merchandise, Krispy Kreme also has to compete with unbranded doughnut producers that are sold through supermarkets and doughnut vans. 2)à à à à à Economic/Financial: The continued financial recession is destined to tighten customerââ¬â¢s expenditure. As Krispy Kreme is a non-necessary food article this may pressure sales. Price rises is not the target of Bank of England as there is upward stress on long-term rates of interest all over UK. An increase in interest rates will enhance the price of capital and denote more luxurious borrowing for Krispy Kreme, which is deeply engaged in competition with its rivals. 3)à à à à à Physical Environment: Due to the increase in rivalry, it is vital for Krispy Kreme to pursue the real trends and be a step lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-75682963329140686852019-11-16T07:06:00.001-08:002019-11-16T07:06:08.833-08:00Concepts of Corporate Strategy | SWOT Analysis of AppleConcepts of Corporate Strategy | SWOT Analysis of Apple Corporate Strategy Introduction ââ¬Å"Marketing strategists term this a harvest strategy and consider it a no-brainerâ⬠(Hamel Prahalad, 1994:125). ââ¬Å"Few current business concepts are more prone to oversimplification than the growth/share model, with its labelling of products or divisions or whole companies as ââ¬Ëdogsââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëquestion marksââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëstarsââ¬â¢ or ââ¬Ëcash cowsââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬ (Seeger, 1984:94). ââ¬Å"An apparent disadvantage of the matrix was that it assumed that market share was reliable indicator of future profitabilityâ⬠(Calandro Lane, 2007:30). The above three quotations all criticise the BCG growth/share matrix and its practicality as a competitive tool. This paper discusses the advantages and limitations of the matrix and its application for Apple Inc. as a competitive tool. It concludes that the BCG matrix does have some advantages but is not appropriate for all businesses industries and should not be used as a sole analysis model. In the fast pace d competitive modern business world using just the BCG matrix for evaluating a companyââ¬â¢s portfolio can have disastrous consequences. The paper is divided into five parts. Starting with an introduction, it moves on to the concepts of corporate strategy, portfolio analysis and the portfolio models. The third part discusses some of the advantages and limitations of the BCG matrix. The fourth deals with the implications of the BCG matrix when applied to Apple Inc. ending with the conclusion. Corporate Strategy, Portfolio Analysis and Portfolio Matrix Models ââ¬Å"Always to be best, and to be distinguished above the restâ⬠. This quote from Homer the 8th Century Greek Poet epitomizes the aim of all organizations. This is where strategy comes in. ââ¬Å"Strategy is the direction and scope of an organisation over the long term, which achieves advantage in a changing environment through its configuration of resources and competences with the aim of fulfilling stakeholder expectationsâ⬠(Johnson, Scholes Whittington, 2005:9). One of the ways of achieving this is through competitive strategy. According to Porter ââ¬Å"competitive strategy involves positioning a business to maximize the value of the capabilities that distinguish it from its competitorsâ⬠(1980: 47). To achieve this, careful analysis of the external and internal environment is required. PESTLE and Porterââ¬â¢s Five Forces Model can be used for external analysis. For internal analysis the most commonly used is the seven S framework as well as SWOT analysis, v alue chain, value chain (supply) analysis and portfolio analysis. The result is greater understanding of the environment in which the business operates. Organizations operate under three levels of strategy. Corporate-level strategy, business-level strategy and operational or functional strategy. Corporate strategies deal with the organization as a whole while business strategy ââ¬Å"focuses on how to compete in a particular industry or product-market segmentâ⬠(Hofer Schendel, 1978 cited in: Beard Dess, 1981:667). Operational strategy is how the organization accomplishes the strategies set out in the first two using its various resources. For an organization to be profitable it is important to have effective strategies on all levels but a successful corporate strategy is crucial to the success of business and operational strategy. The late 1960ââ¬â¢s and early 1970ââ¬â¢s saw many conglomerates diversifying into different fields. New divisions or (Strategic Business Units) were evolving. The problem management faced was of effectively managing all these diversified units. One strategy could not work for all SBUs as they all experience different competitor threats, market growth rates and market shares. This problem was solved by the creation of the portfolio analysis. ââ¬Å"Portfolio strategy pertains to the mix of business units and product lines that fit together in a logical way to provide synergy and competitive advantage for the corporationâ⬠(Daft, 2008:249). The aim of the corporation is to have a balanced corporate portfolio, so that they can decide which activities or products to expand,introduce and which businesses to acquire or dispose off. Thus, ââ¬Å"diversified company portfolios are the normal and natural business form for efficiently channelling investment into the most productive useâ⬠(Henderson, 1977:203). The most common form of evaluating the corporate portfolios is the portfolio matrix models. Igor Ansoff, developed his Product-Market Growth Matrix in the 1950ââ¬â¢s. He believed that ââ¬Å"just to retain its relative position, a business firm must go through continuous growth and changeâ⬠(Ansoff, 1957:113). He used four possible combinations of market penetration, product development, market development and diversification and plotted them on a 22 model. McKinsey Co developed a matrix where the variables were market strength and competitive position. Bruce Henderson in the mid 70ââ¬â¢s using the same matrix principle developed his BCG growth/share matrix model. It had the same 22 matrix but was based on relative market share and market growth and used cash flow and the experience curve as a criterion. Arthur D. Little developed another model which used the product life cycle. ââ¬Å"These [latter] three matrices form the basis of the various portfolio models that have been widely used to structure the strategic planning process of the firm in the 1970ââ¬â¢sâ⬠(Coate, 1983:47). Since then there have been many matrices developed e.g. the GE model which uses ROI for assessing an investment opportunity and Shell which used a similar refined matrix evaluating business prospects along with the competitive position of the company. However, the most commonly used matrix by organizations is still Hendersonââ¬â¢s BCG Growth/Share Matrix. It has to be taken into consideration however that ââ¬Å"it is important to see these models as aids to decision making, not a replacement for management choiceâ⬠(Hooley, Saunders Piercy, 2004:64). BCG Matrix ââ¬â Advantages and Limitations The BCG matrix plots SBUs by looking at the relationship between market growth and market share. Henderson divided the matrix into cash cows, stars, question marks and dogs and asserted that ââ¬Å"only a diversified company with a well balanced portfolio can use its strengths to truly capitalize on its growth opportunitiesâ⬠(Henderson, 1970:37). To show the relative significance of the SBU, size is shown in circles which can be calculated either from assets employed or sale turnover. The growth/share matrix gained immense popularity among large organizations with many SBUs. They could now use the matrix and decide which units to nurture, invest or divest. Its main advantage was its attractive presentation and easy to remember terms. Using only two variables it was easy and quick to make as well as being versatile enough to be applied to different brands, products, customers and distribution channels. The matrix became popular with managers who preferred the idea of cash flow implications rather than profits which are more in the accounts domain. The PIMS database which was developed at the General Electric in the 60ââ¬â¢s and further developed by the Management Science Institute at Harvard in the early 70ââ¬â¢s also supported this view. Another reason for the BCGs popularity was fashion. ââ¬Å"It is an idea that is well understood and liked by many mangers and therefore one that allows communication between headquarters and strategic business units (SBUs). It has become part of the common business vocabularyâ⬠(Hooley et al, 2004:71). Undoubtedly, the simplicity of the matrix was its major advantage but it had its limitations as well. One of the major problems of the BCG matrix were the claims made by the developers that ââ¬Å"such a single chart with a projected position five years out is sufficient alone to tell a companyââ¬â¢s profitability, debt capacity, growth potential, dividend potential and competitive strengthâ⬠(BCG, 2008:3). According to them the matrix would provide the complete solution but this is an erroneous belief. It does not provide the perfect solution for evaluating a companyââ¬â¢s portfolio. This is also affirmed by Hooley et al who say that ââ¬Å"if it is used it should be audited carefully to ensure its validity rather than followed blindlyâ⬠(2004:2). Furthermore, there is no set definition of what an SBU is or what the definition of a market is e.g. a product might be a leader in a local market niche but at the same time a small player in the global market. The matrix is also difficult to plot accurately using market share and market growth. Organizational strength cannot be measured by market share alone, it has to take into consideration other strengths e.g. financial strength, brand equity, exclusive distribution channels or unique product features etc. In the same way market growth is only one aspect of market attractiveness. Using the cash flow resources for evaluation can also be perceived as a flaw. ââ¬Å"In times of high inflation, cash flow may indeed be the major constraint on a companyââ¬â¢s action range, but other capabilities such as appropriate managerial talent, expertise, know how, skilled labor and organizational flexibility are also importantâ⬠(Derkinderen Crum, 1984:132). Also, according to Henderson ââ¬Å"we should kick the dogs, cloister the cows and throw our money at stars. Only the question mark category demands management thoughtâ⬠(Seeger, 1984:94). This assumption can be criticised as being over simplistic. Dogs, should not be divested off without thought. They can retain that important portion of market share keeping competitors at bay, and also an organization who has a dominant product may deliberately introduce a dog into its portfolio for the same purpose. Sometimes, ââ¬Å"occasionally it is possible to restore a dog to viability by a creative business segmentation strategy, rationalizing and specializing the business into a small niche which it can dominateâ⬠(Hedley cited in Wit Meyer, 2004:322). The human aspects and behavioural implications of the matrix are also overlooked e.g. how managers of SBUs categorized as cash cows react when their hard earned cash is given to other SBUs, or of members within the organization whose brainchild is divested? This can affect the morale of management and may result in quick turnover of disgruntled staff which is not beneficial to the organization. The simplicity of the matrix where an advantage can also be harmful since competitors can easy identify the strategy being used and use it to their advantage. An example of this is the successful infiltration of the Japanese in the UK motorcycle industry. Another limitation as Coate says is that ââ¬Å"independent strategies canââ¬â¢t be defined for all possible business unitsâ⬠(1983:52) i.e. a business unit producing multiple products cannot invest in one profitable product and ignore the others. Either they all get investment of all of them have to be divested. Despite the fact that the matrixââ¬â¢s limitations far outweigh its benefits, it is still frequently used by organizations and in certain situations can be used as an effective competitive tool as well. The important thing is that it should not be used as the sole analysis method for decision making. Even the Boston Consulting Group has in recent years admitted that market share by itself does not necessarily mean competitive strength. ââ¬Å"In a series of articles in the Financial Times in November 1981, Michael Gould of the BCG maintained that it is valuable to be the market leader for branded goods with the advantage of price leadership and the ability to spread marketing and distribution costs over a high volume; but economies of scale may be achieved even by a firm that is not the largest producer in the industry (Johnson et al, 2005:90). It is though, fair to say that ââ¬Å"the simplicity of the Box makes it operationally useful and its ease of understanding makes it a use ful operational tool provided its limitations are kept clearly in mindâ⬠(Hooley et al, 2004:87). Apple Inc. The BCG Matrix 1: Profile Strategy: Apple is a global company operating in the technology industry which designs, manufactures and markets personal computers, portable music players and mobile communication devices. It was established in 1977 as Apple Computer Inc. specialising in personal computers. Operating in the ever changing high growth market and extreme competition, Apple began losing its market share to its major competitors including IBM and Hewlett Packard as well as the entry of numerous other PC manufacturing companies determined to enter the highly profitable market. SWOT Analysis (fig 2) Strengths Weaknesses Strong brand image Robust financial performance Media content Declining research and development (RD) investment Opportunities Threats Smart Phones Booming MP3 player markets Growing personal computers and peripherals markets Intense competition Dependence on specific suppliers Patent infringement Apple was faced with a weakening Mac line, stiff competition and demand for better value by the shareholders. There was need for a drastic change in strategy and product diversification was chosen as a mean of entering other consumer electronic market segments. In the Swot Analysis (fig 2) carried out by DataMonitor, we can clearly see their opportunities in the smart phones and MP3 player markets. In January 2007, the company changed its name to Apple Inc. as they diversified into other products. Currently, Apple Inc. in its portfolio owns three SBUs. The first is the Mac range which comprises of desktop and notebook computers along with their accessories. Secondly, it offers music products and services which include ipod, itunes etc. The third SBU consist of the mobile communication devices i.e. iphone. 2. BCG Matrix and Appleââ¬â¢s Product Portfolio: In the current competitive industry using the BCG matrix offers some benefits for Apple but there are disadvantages too. The flexibility that the matrix offers i.e. it can be used for plotting product portfolio of a firm can be beneficial to Apple. To introduce new products and revamp current ones a company needs vast amounts for investment. Apple needed money for RD which is a major expenditure for companies operating in the technology industry. ââ¬Å"The Company believes continual investment in research and development is critical to the development and enhancement of innovative products and technologiesâ⬠(Apple Investor Relations, 2007:1). Between 2005 and 2007, Apple spent $535 million dollars on RD. Part of this money was obtained by withholding dividend payments for two years between 2006 and 2007. The rest was from divesting within the Mac range. Using the BCG matrix, the decision of which products to invest in and which to divest would have been pretty straigtforward. Market growth for technological products very rarely slows long enough for a product to be classified as a cash cow. Therefore, most of these products would be classified either as a star, question mark or dog. At the time when Apple changed its strategy it had a large number of computers in its product range which it needed to reduce. The whole of the Mac Range would have been plotted with a few top selling products as stars which would have been carrying the whole load of the company with its profits. A few question marks which had low market share but were still making a profit which was being again utilized internally, but had low chances of becoming a star and quite a large number of products and their associated accessories and software would have been plotted in the dogs quadrant. By divesting in the dogs, Apple would have undoubtedly lost some market share but in introducing new products their aim was to attain market share in other markets. Spending huge amounts on RD, Apple updated and introduced fewer but better computers like ibook and imac into its product line in direct competition with their competitors. At the same time as updating its product line for the Mac range the ipod range can also be plotted on the matrix. The ipod currently holds 77% of the global market share , but to keep up with the current high demand Apple almost every year introduces a new version with more features and divest the oldest version which by that time has moved to the dog quadrant. It also uses the same strategy for the iphone range. Even though iphone is a relative new offering from Apple, it is already facing competition and to maintain and increase its market share Apple keeps introducing newer versions. Therfore, even though the BCG matrix does offer Apple benefits for managing its product portfolio, it negates one of the main declarations of Hendrix that ââ¬Å"only a diversified company with a well balanced portfolio can use its strengths to truly capitalize on its growth opportunitiesâ⬠(1970:37). For a well balanced portfolio, a company must have cash cows, however, with Apple and its products, the market growth rate never slows enough for a product to become a cash cow. Most of its products are in the star or question mark quadrants, and some are dogs which are then divested. Apple however sometimes does tend to retain some dogs, even though Henderson believed that ââ¬Å"pets are not necessaryâ⬠(1970:37), and should be divested off, Apple keeps some of its older versions of products because they retain a small share of the market which might be vital to the companies overall market share. 3. BCG Matrix and Appleââ¬â¢s SBU Portfolio: However using the BCG matrix with Appleââ¬â¢s corporate portfolio poses quite a few problems. First of all the developers claims that ââ¬Å"such a single chart with a projected position five years out is sufficient alone to tell a companyââ¬â¢s profitability, debt capacity, growth potential, dividend potential and competitive strengthâ⬠(BCG, 2008:3), cannot be applied to Apple Inc. Apple operates in a fast changing environment where the introduction of one product can radically change the competitive strength and market share of a company. An example is Dell Computers who in 2007 lost its market leader title to HP. Within one year HPs market share increased dramatically to 17.6% while Dells managed only 13.9%. Apple comes third with a global market share of 2.6%, but that can change rapidly. Also for Apples iphone the current market share is only 6.5% compared to Blackberry which holds 41% and Palm at 9%, but the iphone is relatively new. It was introduced in July 2007 a nd immediately took over 28% market share of the US smart phone industry showing competitive strength of the product. Apple with iphone is challenging the market leaders and its market share is increasing every quarter. Therefore, a five year forecast cannot be accurate for analysing its future position. Also, however, if we plot the Mac computer range using market share and market growth rates, it would be positioned in the question mark quadrant. But that would make analysis difficult since two products of the mac range i.e. the ibook and imac are stars but as a SBU plotted in question marks. To manage all the products together would be difficult since some products require investment and some do not, according to the matrix you plan a unit strategy not an individual one. Once again Hendersonââ¬â¢s criteria of having a balanced portfolio for success would not be applicable in the SBU matrix either. Currently, Appleââ¬â¢s ipod business unit is a market leader with majority market share and high market growth and would be plotted as a star, and the iphone and mac ranges would be placed in the question mark quadrant. It does not have any cash cows or dogs. A successful organization has to have cash cows from where cash flow is diverted into stars and question marks. The ipod sales at present is generating enough cashflow, not only to sustain itself but the other SBUs as well. If we blindly believe Hendersonââ¬â¢s assumption then logically Apple should be in dire trouble whereas it is actually increasing its market share and cash flow with all three units. Another drawback of using the BCG matrix would be giving its competitors easier understanding of its strategy. With the companyââ¬â¢s annual reports and market shares available publically, if competitors like HP and Blackberry know that Apple is using the BCG matrix as the sole analysis method they can easily construct a matrix for Apple and figure out its future strategies. Therefore, even though the BCG matrix could be useful to Apple Inc. for analysing its products strength and could be used as a decision tool, it would not be useful for future decision concerning its SBUs. It has to be admitted though that the BCG in its simplicity maybe can be more effective in another industry. It can be used as an internal analysis method but using it as the sole decisions making analysis method could be hazardous for the company. This is further confirmed by Seeger who says that ââ¬Å"no management model can safely substitute for analysis and common senseâ⬠(1984:97). Apple would benefit using the SID techniques, risk analysis e.g. the monte carlo risk analysis model as well as personal experience and judgement before making any future decisions for its strategic business units. Conclusion We have thus seen how as a competitive tool the BCG matrix has its advantages and disadvantages. The main advantage being its simplicity and ease of plotting, ââ¬Å"but elegance and simplicity in a theoryââ¬â¢s presentation cannot guarantee sanity in its useâ⬠(Seeger, 1984:93). At the same time the matrix has its disadvantages in not having clear boundaries of what a market is and the criterion for market share and growth and the effect of external factors on it. To gain a competitive advantage a company aims towards ââ¬Å"making an outlay of cash now in the expectation of extra cash coming in the futureâ⬠(Dixon, 1994:21). For that they need to be in a competitive position and know which units to invest in and which to divest. BCG matrix makes this decision easier for managers but it has to be utilized in a carefully evaluated way. The matrix does give an indication of SBUs performance in the current market but it is not a model that should be followed without use of other methods of analysis and use of judgment by managers. This can be summarized in the words of Porter who affirms this by saying that ââ¬Å"the growth/share matrix can be one component of a competitor analysis when combined with other kinds of analysisâ⬠(Porter, 1980:364) or Hooley et al who say that ââ¬Å"it is clearly inadequate as a complete solution, but is of undisputed value as a starting point in many analyseâ⬠(2004:72). Therefore, not begrudging BCG matrix the benefits it offers mangers; it is defective as a sole analysis model for competitive strategy and still needs careful evaluation before any decision can be finalized. Bibliography Ansoff, H. I. (1957) Strategies for Diversification. Harvard Business Review, 35(5):113-124, Online available at: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4hid=106sid=2bad248a-b6cb-4c13-81c2-74db4080bfda%40sessionmgr102 (Accessed 15th June 2008) BCG: The Boston Consulting Group, (2008). The Experience Curve Reviewed. IV. The Growth Share Matrix or The Product Portfolio. Online available at: http://www.bcg.com/publications/files/Experience_Curve_IV_Growth_Share_Matrix_1973.pdf (Accessed 12th July 2008) Beard, D. W. Dess, G.G. (1981) Corporate-Level Strategy, Business-Level Strategy, and Firm Performance. The Academy of Management Journal, 24(4):663-688, Online available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/256169?Search=yesterm=corporate-levelterm=performanceterm=firmterm=strategyterm=business-levellist=hidesearchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3DCorporate-Level%2BStrategy%252C%2BBusiness-Level%2BStrategy%252C%2Band%2BFirm%2BPerformance%26dc%3DAll%2BDisciplinesitem=1ttl=194returnArticleService=showArticle (Accessed 22nd May 2008) Calandro Jr, J Lane, S. (2007) Special Section: Winning in your industry: new tools and strategies. A new competitive analysis tool: the relative profitability and growth matrix. Strategy and Leadership, 35(2):30-38, Online Available at: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/Insight/viewContentItem.do?contentType=ArticlecontentId=1596528 (Accessed 2nd May 2008) Coate, M.B. (1983) Pitfalls in Portfolio Planning. Long Range Planning, 16(3): 47-56, Online available at : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6V6K-45PMPYS-14_user=10_coverDate=06%2F30%2F1983_alid=760368145_rdoc=3_fmt=high_orig=search_cdi=5817_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_ct=3_acct=C000050221_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=10md5=f8879374940c70491a7e8906d1bc6068 (Accessed 24th June, 2008) Daft, R. L. (2008) New Era of Management, 2nd ed. Mason: Thomson Higher Education. Derkinderen, F. G. J. Crum, R. L. (1984) Pitfalls in Using Portfolio Techniques ââ¬â Assessing Risk and Potential. Long Range Planning, 17(2): 129-136. Online available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL_udi=B6V6K-45K4GRJ-9P_user=6649953_coverDate=04%2F30%2F1984_alid=760368145_rdoc=2_fmt=high_orig=search_cdi=5817_sort=d_docanchor=view=c_ct=3_acct=C000010181_version=1_urlVersion=0_userid=6649953md5=4eb70387aca6a81b0bed14dab76607ae (Accessed 24th June, 2008) Dixon, R. (1994) Investment Appraisal. CIMA, rev.ed. London: Kogan Page Hamel, G. Prahalad, C. K. (1994) Competing for the Future. Harvard Business Review. 72(4): 122-128, Online Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=5hid=107sid=728905ba-dc97-471c-a829-b8c61346578f%40sessionmgr108 (Accessed 23rd April 2008) Henderson, B.D. (1970). The Product Portfolio. Reprinted in Stern, C.W. (ed.) and Stalk, G. (ed.) (1998). Perspectives on Strategy From The Boston Consulting Group, pp. 35-37, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Henderson, B.D. (1977) The Corporate Portfolio. Reprinted in Stern, C.W.à and Stalk, G. (eds.) (1998). Perspectives on Strategy From The Boston Consulting Group, pp. 203-205, New York: John Wiley and Sons Hooley, G. Saunders, J. Piercy, N. (2004) Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning. 3rd Ed. Essex: Prentice Hall. Apple Investor Relations, (2007) Apple Inc. 10-K Annual Report. Available from http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=107357p=irol-reports (Accessed 17th May 2008) Johnson, G. Scholes, K Whittington, R. (2005) Exploring Corporate Strategy. 7th Ed. London : Prentice Hall. Porter, M. E. (1980) Competitive Strategy. New York : The Free Press. Thompson Jr, A.A, Strickland III, A.J. Gamble, J. E. (2007) Crafting and Executing Strategy. 15th Ed. New York : McGraw-Hill Irwin. Wit, B.D. Meyer, R. (2004) STRATEGY-Process, Content, Context. 3rd Ed. London : Thompson Learning. XML Database: An Introduction and Analysis XML Database: An Introduction and Analysis XML, mnemonic of eXtensible Markup Language is one of the most extensively used data format and is used as a standard for exchange of data over the internet. As large amount of data is represented as XML documents, techniques like RDMS have to be used to store and query these XML documents. There are two well known approaches for parsing an XML document to convert into relational DBMS: SAX and DOM parsing. In this research, both these methods are studied and then the performance is compared. Some alternative ways of data structuring and tagging from tables of RDBMS as a hierarchical XML document has been studied. As a final result, the best alternative which will provide with the best and effective performance for capturing and querying XML data using RDBMS can be found out. When a large amount of data is to be loaded into an XML document, it becomes important to execute the request query and save the process at XML document. One way is to use XML native data base system. This has two weaknesses 1. eXtended Markup Language resident database system is not ample to save data and it cannot contain the complicated query at relational DBMS. 2. It is impossible for the users to access XML documents and data that are stored in a relational DBMS. To overcome the above mentioned weaknesses, querying and storing XML data techniques using RDBMS are used. The steps for this approach are- 1. Data or an XML document is saved by making relational table design. 2. XML data is divided by separating them into columns in the presented table. 3. SQL Queries are used to get access to the XML document format obtained in RDBMS dta format. To transfer data from XML to data base, the strategy is to use C# as middleware. This research can be done by parsing technique with the help of SAX parser or by using XML Tree Class. To do the vice versa, the present format of XML document from relational SQL SERVER 2008 database supported by C# script, used as middleware; is converted with the help of tagging and structure. All alternatives (outside engine) done by tagging and structuring process implies that a part of the task was done outside the relational database engine. For comparing the XML document and RDBMS from the point of speed in loading the process in the browser following tasks were performed:- Searching of the data in the XML document is done with the help of DATA binding technique. Presentation of the XML data from RDBMS is done by searching data from XML document which was saved into SQL database, than with the help of DOM Tree method the result of the query is saved as a XML Document Database problems in XML They are hard to update. We cannot implement the constraints. Its difficult to optimize the xml database. Hard to maintain the consistency Data Storage and Data Transmission: These two are different concepts. In data storage we store data and while storing it we need to check the validity of the data. In Data Transmission we simple transfer the data from one system to the other. XML are generally used for the Data Transmission purpose. COMPARISON Relational Database XML Database META DATA Definition CREATE TABLE DEFINE XML SCHEMA Persistence of DATA INSERT,UPDATE CREATE XML DOCUMENT QUERY SELECT XPath ,XQuery 1.2 BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS OF DIFFERENT DATABASE TECHNOLOGIES: Speed is the major advantage of creating database with objects. In OODBMS (Object oriented Database Management System) data is stored as objects but not in the form relational rows and columns such as in relational DBMS that is why OODBMS is faster than relational DBMS. OODBMS is more applicable than relational DBMS (RDBMS) for some tasks. This is because OODBMS performs many operations using navigational interfaces where as RDBMS uses declarative interfaces. OODBMS follows pointers to implement navigational access to data in an efficient manner. One disadvantage of RDBMS s is we need relational mapping layer to map the entire model for application objects to the database object model, whereas in OODBMS there is no need to match those layers. In RDBMS due to this mapping there may be an impedance mismatch and there is no such problem in OODBMS and it also increases the performance. OODBMS has some drawbacks like:- As it is said above OODBMS uses pointers to implement navigational access to data this is one of the drawback as in general purpose queries this will lead to delay the output and also becomes complicated than relational One more drawback is that there is no mathematical foundation for OODBMS, unlike RDBMS. This makes OODBMS weaker than RDBMS in supporting queries. The difference between data-base centric thinking and oop is in the way it views the world. The first one views the world through a viewpoint which is declarative and attribute-driven. The latter one views through a viewpoint which is behavioural. This is one of the major differences between databases and OOP. Many consider database technology as a failure. Hence attempt are being made in research and industrially to closely integrate database functionality into object programming languages. 1.3 DIFFERENT APPROACHES FOR THE DATABASE DESGIGN Different approaches for the database design includes data model approach design approach and so on. Starting with the data model approach: For effective project implementation database design is most important aspect thats why should be completed within given time line to give economical approach in project developing phase. Data model construction and updating on change of data deign in necessary as every application will need data storage. It is one of the most crucial parts of an application for developer and user as well. The different normal forms are:- 1st Normal Form Similar group should be stored in different table and tables should be provided by primary key to identify columns. 2nd Normal Form To protect data redundancy foreign key must be introduced. 3rd Normal Form Primary key plays a prominent role making every column in the table related. This makes every column a dependent of the primary key of the table. Those fields not satisfying above property should be stored in a new table with a new key. 4th Normal Form: Independent relationship should be removed from the relation database. 5th Normal Form Many to many relationships can be related logically thats why its also known as Exists in never-never land. Followed by the data model approach is the design approach which is explained as below: 2nd and 3rd form designs should be used for large application having enhancement scope. Scalability should be kept in mind during designing phase of application. Third form can ask you to make host of tables with less number of entity which reduces data replication across tables. While talking to a fellow developer i came to know that they used 3rd form as they were quite sure that it would not create dependency problem for their application as they used comma to differentiate primary values in a defined field of a table. Classes that can be used as data object which contain properties, actually a description and quality of entity element and these properties are introduced by getter and setter, should be designed at the time of creating class diagram for an application. Both object and property shows real life entity. For creating the database tables we need following constraints and relationships to be there in that table so that final database developed will be more effective and understandable. These are explained in the Constrains section under the database design part with the help of query tools. LO2 DEsign and implementation: 2.1 Requirement: This assignment is to understand the database design concepts, implement the database designed and execute the queries to obtain the required result with the help of SQL Server database. It also helps in developing Client side application to modify, update and view the results through C#. Net. Deeveedeezee, the online DVD shop records the customer details, DVD details which includes title, genres, Studio, classification, actors, directors and other information. It provides the users to rate a DVD using star scaling ranging from 1 to 5 and also allows them to create their own wish list. Our objective is to understand how the database of this DEEVEEDEEZEE is maintained, practically implementing it with the help of SQL Server and develop an client end application that interacts with SQL Server and provides the user the authority to view and add details. The WindowsFormApplication1 is the project tile and the client application can be run by opening the solution in MS Visual studio and Debugging the Code. It can be done by clicking on Build->Start Debugging. Function: Deeveedeezee.com as mentioned above provides the online customers various details about the DVDs, their reviews, ratings, synopsis and also allows them to create their own wish list. To maintain such a database, it has to be well designed and effectively handled by the administrator or the team of database continuously monitoring and assessing the required information. Every user is provided with unique user-id and password with which they can login and access the required information about the DVDs. They can even provide their comments, reviews and ratings as well which are again recorded under their user-id and are provided when ever required or asked for. Also deeveedeezee handling such large information from the website requires an Administrator or a team working on databases so that it is well managed and maintained. Thus every administrator and the team member again have got their own user-ids and passwords so that they can login into the databases and do their assigned tasks. These discussed details are presumed to be handled and the rest of the discussion focuses on the database designing, implementation and development of a client application which interacts with SQL server to provide them the easier access to add and view data from the database. Thus the backend database has got various data rules, definitions and constraints to be handled. Recording distinct information and accessed by different types of users, database has got different tables and views with appropriate fields and attributes. The database design diagram shown below shows the clear picture of how the database is designed, the various tables it maintains, attributes it holds and their properties. DATABASE DESIGN DIAGRAM ERD The diagram shown below depicts the various tables and its attributes. This design is modified and improved further with the help of Entity Relationship Diagram. The Entity Relationship diagram of the report is as below. The rectangle boxes are considered as entities The ovals are treated as attributes. Rhombus represents relationship between the entities. The diagram represents all entities, attributes and also the relations between the entities. It is a graphical representation of the relations. The ER diagram is a good means of understanding the relationships between the entities and attributes. In the below diagram, different users can be uniquely determined by its attributes like userId, email, firstName etc. User entity is related to DVD by Reviews. The ratings given to the movie by viewers are recorded through Ratings. Comments are the reviews of viewers. DVD on the other hand can be uniquely determined by its attributes like dvdId, title, studio etc. Role connects DVD and People. Role can be various tasks of people like actors, producer, and director. People have attributes of peopleId and peopleName. dvdDetails dvdId title retailPrice releaseDate runningTime synopsis genres studio users userId initials firstName surname dateOfBirth address email mobileNo telephoneNo password timestamp studio Fig: Database Design Add view Users Add roles id peopleId dvdId role wishlist id email userId wishlist Customers view dvdClassification id dvdId classification description people peopleId peopleFirstName review reviewId userId email dvdId review rating timestamp Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) peopleName peopleId people Role dvdId title retailPrice releaseDate runningTime synopsis genres studio DVD RatingComment Review userId dateOfBirth surName firstName initials User telephoneNo mobileNo email address password 2.2 4.3 DOCUMENTATION AND Implementation OF THE DATABASE: Database Implementation and Datatype Usage The designed database discussed with the help of database design diagram and entity relationship diagram are implemented in SQL with the help of MS visual studio. All the attribute and tablenames are in used as per the conventions like using camel case, singular table name and so on. The output tables, conents nd query results are recorded with the help of screenshots and are shown as below: Table1: user table Comments: The details of the users like firstName,email, DOB, address, contact details are recoderd. In this table Primary key contraint,Not Null constraints are present. Datatypes of each attribute as per the given data rules are being implemented as shown above. Table2: dvdDetail table Comments: It stores the all details of DVD like running time ,release date,title and creates an unique dvd id. In this table Primary key contraint,Not Null constraints are present Datatypes of each attribute as per the given data rules are being implemented as shown above. Table3: review table Comments: It stores the reviews and the rating i.e No. Of stars given to the DVD by the user. It has not null contraints ,check constraints which checks that the rating field have value greater than 0 and less than 5,foreign key contrains.email is the foreign key which is refrencing to the primary key of the users table. userId and dvdId the combination of these two is used as a primary key. Table4: people table Comment : It stores the name of the people involved in the movie or DVD and gives a unique id to each of them that is peopleId. Table5: role table Comment: It stores the role of the each people involved in the movie like director,producer,actor etc. It has a foreign key dvdId which refrences to the dvdDetails dvdId.id is the primary key which is a identity with a seed 1. Table6: wishlist table Comment: It stores the wishlist of each user in comma seprated form. In this table id is the identity with seed 1 and userId is the primary key and email is the foreign key. Table7: dvdClassification table Comment: It stores the classification of the dvd with a little description about the dvd. dvdId is the foreign key and id primary key and also a identity with seed 1. Constraints NOT NULL Constraint: This is a constraint which restricts the user from entering the null value or leaving it blank. The user needs to provide the details for that field. It becomes necessary for the user to enter. Fig: NOT NULL CONSTRAINT In the given example id,email,userId fields can not be left empty. User need to provide these details otherwise it will through error.wishlist can be left empty. Query for this constraint CREATE TABLE wishList ( id int NOT NULL, email varchar(100) NOT NULL , userId int , wishList varchar(MAX) NOT NULL) Primary key constraints: This constraint is used to uniquely identify the row in the table. This field is not repeated in any of the other row. Primary key of one table can be used as the reference or foreign key of the other table. Fig: PRIMARY KEY Constraint In the above example userId is the primary key. All the rows in this table will have different userId. Fig: Showing the implication of Primary Key constraint In the above figure it is clealy shown that the userId is different for different rows. Unique constraint: This is the constraint used for uniquely identifying a particular column. All the values in a particular column are different. Fig: UNIQUE CONSTAINT In the above figure userId field has a unique constraint.It is a identity with a seed of 1.Every time a new row is inserted is automatically increments the value of the userId which ensures that in userId column no value is repeated. Fig: Showing the implication of Unique constraint In the above figure in userId column no value is repeated . userId has a unique constraint. Foreign key constraint: This constraint ensures that the database has a refrential integrity. Foreign key is works on the refrence of the primary key of some other table. Query: CREATE TABLE wishList (id int , userId int PRIMARY KEY, email varchar (100) references users(email) wishList varchar(MAX) ); Fig: Foreign Key Constraints In the above figure email is the foreign key which refrences the email i.e the primary key of the users table. Check constraint: This constraint makes sure that all values in a column satisfy certain specific criteria. Query: CREATE TABLE review ( reviewId int NOT NULL, userId int NOT NULL, dvdId int NOT NULL, review varchar(200) NOT NULL, rating float CHECK (rating0) timestamp timestamp) This check constraint helps in validation of ensuring the star rating to be between 0 and 5. Or CREATE TABLE dvdDetail ( dvdId int NOT NULL primary key identity(1,1), retailPrice int NOT NULL, title varchar NOT NULL, synopsis varchar NOT NULL, runningTime int CHECK (runningTime>10 AND rating genres varchar NOT NULL studio varchar NOT NULL) This check constraint ensures that the running time to be between 10 and 5000. LO3 Use of Manipulation and Query tools 3.1 Benefits of Manipulation and Query Tools in Database Manipulation and Query tools in database include those commands and statements that on execution would help in data manipulation. SQL maintains certain standards which includes DML or Data Manipulation Language. The major SQL commands that include in this DML are INSERT, UPDATE, ALTER and so on. These tools or query commands help in modification of tha data and constant updates that have to be made. SQL Server 2008 offers a very good platform that provides access to database and also it provides the query window for executing various commands that include in the Data Manipulation Language. They are very much useful in making it easier for the user to modify the data and update some information. A fine picture of these tools and their functioning can be understood in the sections below: 3.2 Implementation Query tools: Query for viewing all DVDs belonging to the Romantic Comedy genre in order of price. Table: Initial data in dvdDetails table Query:- SELECT dvdId, title, retailPrice, releaseDate, runningTime, synopsis, genres, studio FROM dvdDetails WHERE (genres = Romantic Comedy) ORDER BY retailPrice The query when executed would result into the table as shown below: Table: Result of the query Query for viewing all DVDs belonging to the Universal Pictures UK studio. Table:Initial data in dvdDetails table Query:- SELECT dvdId, title, retailPrice, releaseDate, runningTime, synopsis, genres, studio FROM dvdDetails WHERE (studio = Universal Pictures UK Studio) Table: Result of the query Query for viewing all DVDs in which Johnny Depp or De Caprio have acted. Table: Initial data in dvdDetails table Query:- SELECT dvdDetails.dvdId, dvdDetails.title, dvdDetails.retailPrice, dvdDetails.releaseDate, dvdDetails.runningTime, dvdDetails.synopsis, dvdDetails.genres, dvdDetails.studio, choose.dvdId AS Expr1 FROM dvdDetails INNER JOIN (SELECT DISTINCT [NATURAL].dvdId FROM roles AS [NATURAL] INNER JOIN people ON people.peopleId = [NATURAL].peopleId WHERE (people.peopleFirstName = Shahrukh) OR (people.peopleFirstName = Amir khan)) AS choose ON choose.dvdId = dvdDetails.dvdId Table: Result of the query View all the DVDs which Steven Spielberg has directed. Table:Initial data in dvdDetails table Query:- SELECT dvdDetails.dvdId, dvdDetails.title, dvdDetails.retailPrice, dvdDetails.releaseDate, dvdDetails.runningTime, dvdDetails.synopsis, dvdDetails.genres, dvdDetails.studio, choose.dvdId AS Expr1 FROM dvdDetails INNER JOIN (SELECT DISTINCT [NATURAL].dvdId FROM roles AS [NATURAL] INNER JOIN people ON people.peopleId = [NATURAL].peopleId WHERE ([NATURAL].role = Director) OR (people.peopleFirstName = Farah Khan)) AS choose ON choose.dvdId = dvdDetails.dvdId Table: Result of the query View of all the DVDs suitable for a Valentines Gift. Table: Initial data in dvdDetails table Query:- SELECT dvdId, title, retailPrice, releaseDate, runningTime, synopsis, genres, studio FROM dvdDetails WHERE (genres = Romantic) Table: Result of the query View of all the DVDs suitable for children (under 10s) to watch. Table: Initial data in dvdDetails table Query:- SELECT dvdId, title, retailPrice, releaseDate, runningTime, synopsis, genres, studio FROM dvdDetails WHERE (genres = under 10) Table: Result of the query DVDs on the wishlist for a specified customer Table:Initial data in wishlist table Query:- SELECT wishList FROM wishlist WHERE (userId = 1) Table: Result of the query DVDs in order of release date Table: Initial data in dvdDetails table Query:- SELECT dvdId, title, retailPrice, releaseDate, runningTime, synopsis, genres, studio FROM dvdDetails ORDER BY releaseDate Table: Result of the query DVDs belonging to a specified studio in order. Table:Initial data in dvdDetails table Query:- SELECT dvdId, title, retailPrice, releaseDate, runningTime, synopsis, genres, studio FROM dvdDetails ORDER BY studio Table:Result of the query To add a sample DVD. Table: Initial data in dvdDetails table Query:- INSERT INTO dvdDetails (retailPrice, releaseDate, genres, studio, runningTime, title) VALUES (99, CONVERT(DATETIME, 1990-05-02 00:00:00, 102), under10, Coke Studio, 1100, Tom) Table: Result of the query Table:Data in dvdDetails table after executing query An update query to change the review star rating assigned by a customer to a DVD. Table: Initial data in review table Query:- UPDATE review SET rating = 3.5 WHERE (userId = 1) Table:Result of the query Table:Data in review table after executing query 3.3 EVALUATION OF QUERY TOOLS: Queries can be simple and complex. For the complex queries we make the stored procedures, views and trigger which we can use later in our code and for the simple query we can directly embed in the code. Stored procedures contain more than one query and the stored procedure is pre compiled method for accessing the data from the database. Queries including select, insert, update etc are written in the procedures. After committing the query if any error occurs then we roll back and ignore the result of that query. If the correct relationship is present between the tables than only we can get the correct result from the data LO4 Use, documenting and implementing of Relational Database Management System 4.1 4.2 TESTING OF THE RELATIONAL DATABASE AND ITs IMPLEMENTATION Queries in the section 3.2 produce the result correctly i.e. the output of different queries are correct and as we know that queries will give the correct output only when the relation between the tables are correct i.e. the relational database is correctly made. Queries in the view section and the also in the client application desired view produce a correct result which shows that the implementation of the relational database is correct. Client Application: Microsoft Visual Studio has been used for developing the client application in C#.NET. Our main objective was to provide the user with the facility to add and view the data from the database so that proper updating can be done and relevant information can be provided to the user through the online website of deeveedeezee.com. The prerequisites for this application are: MS Visual Studio installed in the computer system with C#.NET and SQL server. The MDF file or the database has to be loaded into the application through MS Studio by Data-> Add new datasources-> Database. Once the database is loaded, the SqlConnection string path has to be modified to the path where the database is located. Every user of this client application is provided with unique username and password through which he can log in into the application. The application only highlights the required and mentioned features in the assignment of VIEW and ADD. The figure below represents the Client Application as it looks after logging in successfully. afterlogin client app.JPG Fig: Client Application The user allowed viewing and adding the data, on clicking the respective buttons would be directed to the forms as shown below: view and add.jpg Fig: View and Add forms One can view the details of DVDs, Reviews posted by the customers through online website, Ratings provided by them, their wish lists and the user data. One can add up details to be displayed about DVD to the customer, roles played by various actors, actress and other working staff for that particular product, rating as per the reviews and rating awarded by the customers and also new users data. The following sets of figures describe how the data and various details are added to through the client application into the database: add dvddetails.JPG Fig: Add dvdDetails On clicking the submit button, in the coding section the query to insert the details of DVD which includes dvd Name or title, Price, Genres, Date of Release of the DVD, Studio and synopsis is executed and the table of dvdDetails is updated as shown above in the query section. add ratings.JPG Fig: Add DVD Ratings Viewing the details of review and rating provided by the customers through online, the user of this client application can rate the dvd accordingly. He has to identify the dvd ID and based on the information he has got he can provide the rating on a scale of 1 to 5. As explained above similarly on clicking the submit button, the query gets exected in the back and the table of concerned gets updated as shown above in the query section. add roles1.JPG Fig: Add Role Details This helps in providing the customer regarding the cast details of the product. add users.JPG Fig: Add Users Details This helps in validating the user by adding them into the database. Similarly viewing would allow the user with the following output: Fig: View of dvdDetails dvdDetails includes title, price, date of relase and such other features that described the dvd. dvdID is uniquely and automatically generated and is considered as the primary key. From the data available in this table dvds can be classified based on their genre and studio as per requirement. Fig: View of Roles This table helps in updating the online site with the roles played by various persons involved in making this product. The persons can be identified by their unique ids. Fig: View of Wishlist As provided online by the customers their wishlist gets updated in the database ad can be viewed for knowing required information about the user and his preferences for future use. Fig: View of Users data Users or customers using deeveedeezee.com online and th staff using this application, all the details are provided in this table from which one can know about their personal details and contact information to be used for various purposes. Fig: View of Reviews Based on the data provided in the reviews by online viewers, the users of this application can add the modified rating based on data collected from many sources. 2.3 Application of a range of database tools to enhance user interface In all the above view forms, GRIDVIEW t lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6605983779162614721.post-80364117233529382762019-11-13T19:37:00.001-08:002019-11-13T19:37:03.309-08:00Essay --ARTICLE ANALYSIS Both of the articles ââ¬Å"Dancing with Professorsâ⬠by Patricia Limerick and ââ¬Å"Shitty First Draftsâ⬠by Anne Lamott resolve the issues faced by college students when writing papers. The first article, ââ¬Å"Dancing with Professors,â⬠explains why college professors expect more elaborate papers even though they assign dull and un-motivational reading to their students. On the other end of the writing spectrum, ââ¬Å"Shitty First Draftsâ⬠explains how valuable the first draft is to students, and why students should not feel weary about writing them. In Patricia Limerickââ¬â¢s article ââ¬Å"Dancing with Professorsâ⬠, she argues the problems that college students must face in the present regarding writing. Essays are daunting to most college students, and given the typical lengths of college papers, students are not motivated to write the assigned essays. One of the major arguments in Limerickââ¬â¢s article is how ââ¬Å"It is, in truth, difficult to persuade students to write well when they find so few good examples in their assigned reading.â⬠To college students, this argument is true with most of their ... lottiepayne171http://www.blogger.com/profile/13466640069883180873noreply@blogger.com0